U.  S.  DEPA^TlV^^Pn^^  dri^AGRlCULTURE, 

BU'^E^l/*-4f  Si^'MAL  INDUSTF(y.Q^lHf|in  No.  69. 

D.   E.  SALMON,   D.  V.   M.,   Chief  of  Bureau. 


M/\R  3    "     '^ 


m 


1943 


"*''ARY 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OFHOGS, 


BEING  ARTICLES  ON 


THE  HOG  LOUSE  ( Hcematopinus  suisj 


MAXGE,  Oil  SCABIES,  OF  HOGS. 


EARLE  C.  STEVENSON,  B.  Sc,  A.  M., 
Zoological  Jxibomtory,  Bureau  of  Anlinal  ludastnj. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1  9  (»  5 . 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Cfmf:  D.  E.  Salmon,  D.  V.  M. 
Amstant  Chief:  A.  D.  Melvin,  D.  V.  S. 
Chief  Clerk:  E.  B.  Jones,  LL.  M.,  M.  D. 

Dairif  Divmon:  Ed.  H.  Webstek,  M.  S.,  chief;  Clakence  B.  Lane,  B.  8.,  assistant 
:hief. 
Inspection  Division:  A.  M.  Farrington,  B.  S.,  D.  V.  M.,  chief. 
Quarantine  Division:  Richard  W.  Hickman,  Ph.  G.,  V.  M.  D.,  chief. 
JEditor:  George  Fayette  Thompson,  M.  S. 
Artist:  W.  S.  D.  Haines. 

Animal  Husbandman:  George  M.  Rommel,  B.  S.  A. 
Librarian:  Beatrice  C.  Oberly. 

laboratories. 

Biochemic  Division:  Marion  Dorset,  M.  D.,  chief. 

Pathological  Dirnsion:  John  R.  Mohler,  A.  M.,  V.  M.  D.,  chief. 

Zoological  Division:  Brayton  H.  Ransom,  B.  Sc,  A.  M.,  acting  zoologist. 

experiment  station. 

Superintendent:  E.  C.  Schroeder,  M.  D.  V.;  expert  assistant,  ^Y.  E.  Cotton. 

inspectors  in  charge. 


Dr.  F.  W.  Ainsworth,  Union  Stock  Yards,  Pitts- 
burg, Pa. 

Dr.  M.  O.  Anderson,  care  Geo.  A.  Hormel  &  Co., 
Austin,  Minn. 

Dr.  Don  C.  Ayer,  Post-OflSce  Building,  South 
Orahha,  Nebr. 

Dr.  G.  S.  Baker,  6th  and  Townsend  sts.,San  Fran- 
cisco, Cfll. 

Dr.  L.  R.  Baker,  South  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Dr.  Boyd  Baldwin,  care  Cudahv  Bros.,  Cudahv, 
Wis. 

Dr.  .\.  E.  Behnke,  room  432,  Federal  Building, 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Dr.  .lohn  A.  Bell,  Watertown,  X.  Y. 

Dr.  S.  E.  Bennett,  room  338,  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change Building.  Kan.«as  City,  Kans. 

Dr.  E.  L.  Bertram,  care  J.  S.  Gilmore,  Davenport, 
Iowa. 

Dr.  Fred  Braginton.care  Continental  Packing  Co., 
Blooiniiigton.  111. 

Dr.  .1.  .T.  Brougham,  care  Mis.souri  Stock  Yards, 
St.  Ix»ui8,  Mo. 

Dr.  G.  W.  Butler,  care  Drummond  Bros.,  Eau 
Claire,  Wis. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Clancy.  National  Stock  Yards,-Ill. 

Dr.  Ix)well  Clarke,  room  320,  Quincy  Building. 
Denver,  Colo. 

Dr.  Charles  Cowie.  Ogdensburg,  J».  Y. 

Dr.  David  Cumming.  912  Lapeer  ave..  Port  Huron, 
Mich. 

Dr.  Robert  Darling,  care  Chas.  S.  Hardy,  San 
Diego.  Cal. 

Dr.  E.  T.  Davison.  Rnshville,  Nebr. 

Dr.  .1.  F.  Deadmaii,  Sanlt  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. 

Mr.  Albert  Dean,  room  328,  Stock  Yard  Station, 
Kansas  City,  Kans. 


Dr.  P.  L.  De  Wolf,  care  Chas.  Wolff  Packing  Co., 
Topeka,  Kans. 

Dr.  Geo.  Ditewig,  care  Union  Stock  Yards,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  • 

Dr.  E.  P.  Dowd,  care  White,  Pevey  &  Dexter  Co., 
Worcester,  Mass. 

Dr.  O.  E.  Dyson,  316  Exchange  Building,  Union 

•   Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  111. 

Dr.  Geo.  C.  Faville,  P.  O.  box  796,  Norfolk,  Va. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Fink,  care  Swift  &  Co.,  Harrison  sta- 
tion, Newark,  N.  J. 

Dr.  T.  A.  Geddes,  care  U.  S.  consul,  London,  Eng- 
land. 

Dr.  H.  H.  George,  507  Johnson  st.,  LouisA'illc,  Ky. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Gibbs,  care  Morton-Gregson  Co.,  Ne- 
braska City.  Nebr. 

Dr.  L.  K.  Green,  care  Hammond,  Standish  &  Co., 
Detroit,  Mich. 

Dr.  H.  A.  Hedrick,  215  St.  Paul  St.,   BaltimDr.'. 

,  Md. 

Dr.  O.  B.  He.'iS,  care  Frye-Bruhn  Co.,  Seattle, Wash. 

Mr.  G.  S.  Hicko'x,  P.  O.  box  1145,  Salt  Lake  Citv, 
Utah. 

Dr.  A.  A.  Holcombe,  Aurora,  111. 

Dr.  Julius  Hudson,  care  Jersey  City  Stock  Yards 
Co.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Dr.  F.  W.  Huntington,  U.  S.  customs  office,  G.  T. 
R.  U.  wharf,  Portland,  Me. 

Dr.  Robert  Jav,  care  Jacob  E.  Decker  &  Son. 
Ma.son  City,  Iowa. 

Dr.  G.  A.  Johnson,  Exchange  Building,  Sioux 
City,  Iowa. 

Dr.  James  Johnston,  care  U.  S.  consulate,  'X 
Chapel  St.,  Liverpool,  P^ngland. 

Dr.  E.  C.  Joss,  care  Carstens  Packing  Co.,  Tacoma, 
Wash. 


(Concluded  on  third  page  of  cover.) 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU   OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— Bulletin   No.  69. 

D.   E.  SALMON,   D.  V.   M.,   Chief  of  Bureau. 


THE  EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOGS, 


BEING  ARTICLES  ON 


THE  HOG  LOUSE  fHcematopinus  suisj 


MANGE,  OR  SCABIES,  OF  HOGS. 


KAKLK  C.  8TEVENS0N,  B.  8c.,  A.  M., 
Zooloyical  Laboratory,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

19  0  5. 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2007  witii  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arcliive.org/details/externalparasiteOOsteviala 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMIHAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington^  D.  C. ,  January  28,  1905. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  paper  entitled  "The 
External  Parasites  of  Hogs,"  by  Earle  C.  Stevenson,  of  the  Zoologi- 
cal Laboratory  of  this  Bureau,  and  to  recommend  its  publication  as  a 
bulletin. 

This  paper  deals  with  two  enemies  of  the  hog — the  hog  louse,  and 
mange,  or  scabies,  of  the  hog.  The  first  of  these  enemies  especially, 
the  hog  louse,  is  one  with  which  every  hog  raiser  is  familiar,  and  one 
that  he  has  been  forced  to  tolerate  because  he  knew  of  no  satisfactory 
cheap  method  of  getting  rid  of  the  lice.  This  paper  is  designed,  not 
only  to  give  a  technical  description  of  the  hog  louse  and  the  scab  mite, 
but  to  give  advice  as  to  how  to  get  rid  of  the  lice  and  the  mites  and 
practical  suggestions  growing  out  of  actual  experience. 
Respectfully, 

D.  E.  Salmon, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Sec7'etary. 


CONTENTS, 


Page. 

Introduction 7 

The  hog  louse  {Ihematopinus  mis  (Linn«eus,  1758)  Leach,  1817) 9 

Brief  historical  review 9 

Synonym  J' 10 

Classification 11 

Geographical  distribution 12 

Description 12 

Egg  of  the  hog  louse 15 

Injurious  effects  of  the  hog  louse 16 

Treatment  for  the  hog  louse 17 

Preventive  measures 17 

Treatment  of  the  hogs 18 

Formulas  of  oil  emulsions 20 

Mange,  or  scabies,  of  hogs 28 

Cause  of  mange 23 

Sarcoptic  mange 23 

Description 24 

Reproduction 24 

Symptoms 24 

Contagion 24 

The  injurious  effects  of  mange 25 

Treatment 25 

Ren  ledies 26 

Ointments 26 

Liquid  preparations 26 

Demodecic  mange 27 

Application  of  remedies 29 

Dipi)ing 29 

Spraying 33 

Bibliography 35 

5 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Fig.  1.  Dorsal  view  of  female  louse 9 

2.  Dorsal  view  of  male  louse 10 

3.  Ventral  view  of  last  three  abdominal  segments  of  male  louse 12 

4-8.  Cross  section  of  stylet,  or  so-called  sucking-tube,  of  louse 13 

9-11.  Basal  parts  of  stylet 13, 14 

12.  Dorsal  view  of  everted  proboscis,  showing  the  hooks  and  also  the 

parts  of  the  protruded  stylet 14 

13.  Claw  of  hog  louse 15 

14.  Egg  of  hog  louse 15 

15.  Shell  of  egg  from  which  the  young  louse  has  escai)ed 15 

16.  View  of  outer  surface  of  egg  shell 16 

17.  View  of  inner  surface  of  egg  shell 16 

18.  Dorsal  view  of  female  mite  {Sarcoptes  scahiel  var.  suih)  causing  sar- 

coptic  mange 23 

19.  Dorsal  view  of  male  mite  {Sarcoptes scahiei  var.  s?i/.s)  of  sarcoptio  mange.  24 

20.  Egg  of  mite  of  sarcoptic  mange 24 

21.  Ventral  view  of  male  mite  {Demodex  folUculorum  var.  suiif)  causing 

follicular  mange 27 

22.  Ventral  view  of  female  mite  of  follicular  mange 27 

23.  Egg  of  mite  of  follicular  mange 27 

24-25.  Plans  for  dipping  tank 30, 31 

26-28.  Simple  spraying  apparatus 32, 33 

29.  Se(;tional  view  of  oak  post  to  be  saturated  with  kerosene  for  use  as 

a  rubbing  post  for  lousy  hogs 34 

6 


THE  EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOGS. 

By  Earle  C.  Stevenson,  B.  Sc,  A.  M., 
Zoological  Laboratory,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

INTRODUCTION. 

In  most  of  the  published  works  on  hogs  and  the  prevention  and 
treatment  of  their  diseases  the  subject  of  external  parasites  is  disposed 
of  within  the  brief  space  of  one  or  two  pages,  and  the  very  short  notes 
given  on  the  prevention  and  destruction  of  these  pests  are  no  doubt 
due  to  the  tendency  to  underestimate  the  economic  importance  of  these 
parasites,  for  the  reason  that  the  injurious  effects  they  produce  are 
not  always  recognized  as  being  of  parasitic  origin.  The  poor  condi- 
tion of  health  and  stunted  growth  of  some  droves  of  hogs  in  a  locality 
where  other  herds  thrive  on  practically  the  same  food  and  care  is 
ver}^  frequently  observed,  particularly  among  young  animals.  This 
unhealthy  condition  may  result  from  various  causes.  Observation 
and  experiment,  however,  have  demonstrated  that  not  infrequently 
the  trouble  is  to  be  traced  to  the  presence  of  parasites  on  the  skin  of 
the  animals.  These  parasites  produce  a  diseased  condition  of  the  skin, 
annoy  and  irritate  the  hogs,  and,  in  spite  of  excellent  care  and  good 
food  provided  for  them,  interfere  with  the  general  health  and  growth 
of  the  animals.  The  injurious  effects  have  been  known  to  become  so 
severe  as  to  cause  death  to  young  pigs. 

The  three  principal  external  parasites  of  the  hog  are  the  large  louse 
{Hmmatopmus  suis)^  the  small  itch  mite  {Sarcojytes  scabiei  var.  suis)^ 
and  the  minute  mite  of  follicular  mange  {Demodex  folliGulorum  var. 
suiii).  Other  external  parasites  have  been  noted  by  Jarvis  (1904),  who 
found  in  the  Umtali  District,  South  Africa,  a  number  of  ticks  on  hogs 
that  were  suffering  from  a  disease  known  as  "porcine  malaria."  This 
disease  is  said  to  be  most  prevalent  during  the  xoSwy  season,  when  ticks 
are  most  abundant.  These  ticks  were  determined  as  Amhlyomma 
varigata  (misprint  for  variegata)^  A.  jiava^  Rliipicephalus  appendicu- 
laris  (misprint  for  appendicalatu.'<)^  and  RhipicephaluH  sp.  ? 

Demodex  foUiculorum  is  of  common  occurrence,  but  seems  to  be  of 

little  economic  importance  to  the  farmer.     It  is  found  buried  deep  in 

the  follicles  of  the  skin  and  does  not  yield  to  ordinary  treatment. 

Jl8&matopimis  suis  is  the  largest  representative  of  its  family,  and  it 

19185— No.  69—05 2  7 


8  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

forms  the  principal  subject  of  this  discussion.  Sarcoptes  scahiei  var. 
SHIS  not  infrequently  becomes  more  injurious  than  the  hog  louse  and 
therefore  is  of  considerable  economic  importance. 

The  scope  of  this  article  includes  a  review  of  the  literature  on  the 
subjects  of  lice  and  mange  of  hogs,  a  record  of  the  new  experiments 
performed,  and  a  more  complete  account  of  the  large  louse  {Hsema- 
topinus  suis).     (For  Bibliography,  see  p.  35.) 


THE   HOG  LOUSE. 

{Hsnnatopimis  suis  (Linnseus,  1768)  Leach,  IS  17.) 

BRIEF   HISTORICAL   REVIEW. 

Mouffettus  (1634,  p.  265)  mentions  the  hog  louse  and  refers  to 
Albertus  (twelfth  century)  as  having  named  it  Pediculus  urius,  from 
the  Latin  word  "  urendo,"  meaning  "  to  irritate."  This  early  histori- 
cal reference  places  the  hog  louse 
among  the  oldest  recognized  spe- 
cies of  parasitic  insects.  Linnssus 
(1758)  described  it  under  the  name 
Pediculus  suls.  Panzer  (1T98) 
used  the  name  given  bj^  Linnseus, 
and  states  that  Fabricius  classed 
this  parasite  with  Pediculus  asini 
of  Redi  (1671).  This  reference 
to  Fabricius,  cited  by  Panzer,  is 
not  at  hand,  but  in  a  later  publi- 
cation (1806)  Fabricius  gives  the 
synonymy  corresponding  to  the 
statement  of  Panzer.  A  compari- 
son of  Redi's  figure  of  Pediculus 
asini  with  a  specimen  of  Ilsema- 
tfypinus  suis  shows  a  striking 
resemblance  between  the  two,  but 
Linnaeus  based  in  part  his  species 
Pediculus  asini  on  Redi\s  figure 
and  Panzer  disregarded  the  clas- 
sification of  Fabricius,  Leach 
(1817)  subdivided  the  genus  Pedi- 
rnhis  into  four  genera — Phthi- 
rus,  Jlaematopinus,  Pediculus,  and 
Nirmiis — classing  the  hog  louse 
as  type  of  the  new  genus  Il^-matopinus.  Nitzsch  (1818)  revived  the 
specific  name  t/rius,  combining  it  with  the  generic  name  Pediculus. 
Giebel  (187-1),  in  describing  the  parasite,  named  it  Ildematqpiiuff^ 
urius. 

9 


Fio.  1. — Uorsiil  view  of  female  hog  louse,  x  1J>. 
a,  antennae;  h,  eye;  c,  spiracles;  d,  proboscis  or 
haustellum. 


10 


BUKEAU    OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 
SYNONYMY. 


The  historical  account  given  above  shows  the  correct  name  of  the 
hog  louse,  according  to  the  rule  of  priority,  to  be  Ildematopinvs  suis. 
It  has,  however,  received  various  designations  as  is  shown  b}'  the  fol- 
lowing synonymy,  which  includes  tiie  diflferent  names  under  which  this 
parasite  has  been  known,  together  with  the  authors  and  their  dates: 


Fig.  2. — Dorsal  view  of  male  hog  louse,     x  15. 

1758:  Pediculus  misl.\^sMvs,  1758,  p.  611;  1798,  v.  3,  p.  18.— Mueller,  1764,  p.  90 
1776,  p.  184.— CuviER,  1817,  p.  165.— Panzek.— [1798],  pi.  16,  Fabricius 
1805a,  p.  342. — De  Olfers,  1816,  p.  86.  [As  synonym  of  Ilnmatopinus  suix  in 
Leach,  1817,  p.  66.— Samouelle,  1819,  p.  143;  1824,  p.  143.— Stephens,  1829 
p.  329.— Denny,  1842,  p.  34;  1852,  p.  4.— Walckenaer,  1844,  p.  306.— Cuvier 
1851,  p.  489;  [?]  (Les  Insectes),  p.  74.— Railliet,  1895,  p.  831.]  [As  syno 
nym  of  Pediculnn  urins  in  Nitzscii,  1818,  p.  305. — Burmeistek,  1838,  p.  [13] 
1847,  p.  577.]  [As  synonym  of  Hxmatopinus  uriun  in  Giebel,  1874,  p.  45.— 
Piaget,  1880,  p.  654.— TASCHENBER(i,  1880,  pp.  103,  105,  106.— ZtiRN,  1882 
p.  65.— Pica(;lia,  1885,  p.  146.— Osborn,  1891,  p.  19;  1892,  p.  205,  pi.  1,  fig.  5.] 

1817:  HieumtopinuH  sals  (Linn^us,  1758)  Leach,  1817,  p.  65,  66,  pi.  46  [first  use  of 
name  was  in  Encycl.  Brit.,  Suppl.  1,  p.  24,  ?  1810]. — Samoi'elle,  1819,  p 
143;  1824,  p.  143.— Stephens,  1829,  p.  329.— Denny,  1842a,  p.  7,  34,  pi.  25 
fig.  2;  1852,  p.  4.— GuRLT,  1843,  p.  12,  pi.  1,  fig.  11;  1857,  p.  281-309;  1878 
p.  165.— Grube,  1854,  p.  242.— Gervais  &  Van  Beneden,  1859a,  p.  382,  fig 
81.— Gerst.ecker,  1863,  p.  307.— Verrill,  1870,  p.  112;  [1871],  p.  41,  fig 
39.— Packard,  1873,  p.  102,  fig.  120.— Hurtrel,  1875,  p.  286,  fig.  962.— 
Murray  [1877],  p.  386.— Law,  1877,  p.  284,  285,  fig.  1.— Cobbold,  1879,  p 
414.— LANES.SAN,  1882,  p.  525.— West,  1882,  p.  148,  pi.  15,  figs.  1-4.— Lintner 
1882,  1).  48.— Perroncxto,  1882,  p.  486,  fig.  209;  1886,  p.  333;  1901,  p.  599.— 
Griffith  &  IIenfry,  1883,  p.  369,  pi.  :55,  fig.  4.— Uhler,  1884,  p.  294.— 
Railliet,  1886,  p.  586;  1895,  p.  831,  fig.  570.— Brocchi,  1886,  j).  837,  fig. 
532. — Friedhercjek  &  Froehner,  1886,  p.  632;  1895,  p.  90. — Power  &.  Sedg- 
wick, 1886,  p.  — .— LuDWiG,  1886,  p.  480.— Comstock,  1888,  p.  132,  fig.  118.— 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OP  HOGS.  11 

Gillette,  1889,  p.  286,  fig.  26;  1890,  p.  47,  figs,  a-d.— SiedamgroTzky,  1889, 
p.  296.— Blanchard,  1890,  v.  2,  p.  436,  fig.  675.— Brandt,  1890,  p.  96,  tig. 
79.— OsBORN,  1891b,  p.  191.— Bos,  1891,  p.  659.— Brown,  1895,  p.  60,  fig. 
35.— Blanchon,  1899,  p.  249.— Galli-Valerio,  1901,  p.  349.— Guenaux, 
1904,  p.  454,  fig.  299.  [As  synonym  of  Hsematop'mus  urius  in  Giebel,  1874, 
p.  45.— Piaget,  1880,  p.  645.— Zurn,  1882,  p.  65.— Picaglia,  1885,  p.  147.— 
Neumann,  1888,  p.  64,  figs.  23,  30;  1892,  p.  72,  73,  figs.  25,  26.— Galli- 
Valerio,  1896,  p.  iii.]  [As  synonym  of  Pediculus  suis  Linn,  in  Walckenaer, 
1844,  p.  306.]     [As  synonym  of  Haematopinus  irritans  in  Law,  1903,  p.  13.] 

1818:  Pediculus  urius 'NiTzscH,  1818,  p.  305;  1852,  p.  130.— Burmeister,  1838,  p.  [13], 
pi.  [1]  Phthirius,  fig.  4,  pi.  [2]  Pediculus,  figs.  9,  10,  13, 14;  1847,  p.  577-578, 
pi.  1.  figs.  1-10.— ScHioDTE,  1864,  p.  50;  1866,  p.  215.  [As  synonym  of  Hxma- 
topinus  urius  in  Giebel,  1874,  p.  45. — Piaget,  1880,  p.  654. — Picaglia,  1885, 
p.  146.]  [As  synonym  of  Hsematopinus  suis  in  Stephens,  1829,  p.  329. — 
Denny,  1842,  p.  34;  1852,  p.  4.— Railliet,  1895,  p.  831.]  [As  synonym  of 
Pediculus  suis  in  Walckenaer,  1844,  p.  396.] 

1866:  Hamatopinus  suis  L.  Goureau,  1866,  p.  205.     [Misprint.] 

1874:  Hsematopinus  urius  (Nitzsch,  1818)  Giebel,  1874,  p.  45,  pi.  2,  fig.  6. — Gurlt, 
1878,  p.  165.— Piaget,  1880,  p.  654,  pi.  53,  fig.  4.— Taschenberg,  1880,  p. 
103,  105,  106.— ZtJRN,  1882,  p.  65.— Neumann,  1888,  p.  64,  figs.  23,  30;  1892, 
p.  72,  73,  fig.  36— Osborn,  1891,  p.  18,  20,  fig.  8;  1892a,  p.  338,  pi.  1,  fig.  5; 
1892b,  p.  204;  1896,  p.  178,  179,  fig.  102.— Francis,  1894,  p.  452.— Lugger, 
1896,  p.  129,  fig.  70.— Galli-Valerio,  1896,  p.  110.— McCarthy,  1896,  p.  134, 
fig.  24.— Smith,  1900,  p.  80.— Niles,  1900,  p.  66,  67,  fig.  26.— Lewis,  1902,  p. 
14,  fig.  6.— Peters,  1902,  p.  21,  fig.  7.— Theobald,  1904,  p.  22.— Craig,  1904, 
p.  947,  fig.  2.  [As  synonym  of  Hxmatopinus  suis  in  Railliet,  1886,  p.  586. — 
Brandt,  1890,  p.  96,  fig.  79.  As  synonym  of  Hxmatopinus  irritans  in  Law, 
1903,  p.  13.] 

1886:  Hematopinus  suis  (Linnjeus,  1758)  Delafond  &  Bourguignon,  1862,  p.  561. — 
Megnin,  1886,  p.  77,  78;  1895,  p.  77,  78.     [Misprint.] 

1890:  Haematopius  tirius  (Nitzsch,  1818)  Harz,  1890,  p.  486.     [Misprint.] 

1896:  Haemotopinus  suis,  Schneidemuhl,  1896,  p.  346.     [Misprint.] 

1896:  Haemotopinos  urius,  Schneidemuhl,  1896,  p.  346.     [Misprint.] 

1896:  Pedikulus  suis,  Schneidemuhl,  1896  [as  synonym  of  Hsemotopinos  urius  in 
ScHNEiDEMtJHL,  1896,1).  346.]     [Misprint.] 

1900:  Hsematopinus  urinus  (Nitzsch,  1818)  Niles,  1900,  p.  67.     [Misprint.] 

1900:  Hsematopium  urius,  Stevens,  1900,  p.  28.     [Misprint.] 

1903:  Hasmatopinus  irritans.  Law,  1903,  p.  13. 

1904:  Hiematopinus  uris,  Craig  &  Bitting,  1904,  p.  169.     [Misprint.] 
(?):  Ricinus  {Hiematopinus)  suis,  Leach  in  Cuvier  [Insectes],  pi.  14,  fig.  3. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

TTxm.ato'pinwi  mils  is  one  of  the  vvinj^loss  Arthropoda  formerly 
classed  by  Osborii  (1890)  in  the  family  Pcdiculida^  of  the  suborder 
Parasita,  under  the  order  Hemiptera  of  the  class  Hexapoda,  or  six- 
footed  insects.  On  the  basis  of  an  embr^'ological  study  of  the  Pedi- 
culidffi,  Kholodkovsky  (1903)  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the}'  should 
be  classed  under  a  separate  order,  for  which  he  proposed  the  name 
Pseudorliynchota. 

Enderlein  (1904),  in  his  recent  revision  of  the  classification  of 
the  Pediculidte,  established  the  new  family  Ihematopinidie,   with  a 


12  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

subfamily  Hsematopinin^e,  which  includes  the  genus  Hsematopinus, 
with  Pediculus  suis  Linn.  {=Il8ematopinus  suis  Leach),  as  type. 
Endei'lein  classes  the  family  Hsematopinidpe  in  the  suborder  Anoplura 
Leach  (1817)  under  the  order  Rhynchota,  and  makes  Siphunculata 
Meinert  (1891),  Pseudorhynchota  Kholodkovsky  (1903),  and  Lipog- 
natha  BOrner  (1904)  synonymous  with  Anoplura. 

GEOGRAPHICAL   DISTRIBUTION. 

This  parasite  lives  on  both  domesticated  and  wild  hogs  of  any  age 

and  condition.     The  numerous  references  in  literature  to  the  hog  louse 

and  reports  of  its  occurrence  in  different  countries  show  that  this 

parasite  exists  wherever  the  hog  is  found. 

Denny  (1842)  writes  of  its  common  occurrence 

in  Ireland  but  comparative  rarity  in  England. 

It  is  common   on    hogs   everywhere  in  the 

United  States.    Stockmen  handling  hogs  often 

become  temporary  hosts  of  the  louse,  but  it 

Fig.  3.— Ventral  view  of  last    has  uevcr  been  kuown  to  remain  for  any  length 

male' 10^^x12''^°"'"''"'    of  time  ou  the  human  body,  and  is  not  known 

to  exist  on  any  animal  other  than  the  hog. 

Attempts  made  at  this  laboratory  to  propagate  Ilsematopinus  suis  on 

dogs  have  met  with  repeated  failure. 

DESCRIPTION. 

The  hog  louse  is  the  largest  representative  of  its  family,  and,  as  the 
generic  name  indicates,  is  a  blood-sucking  parasite.  The  female 
attains  a  length  of  6  mm.  (one-fourth  inch).  The  male  is  smaller  than 
the  female  and  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  dark  streak  along  the 
ventral  median  line  of  the  last  three  abdominal  segments  (fig.  3).  The 
division  of  the  body  into  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  is  distinct.  " 

Head:  The  head  is  narrow,  elongated,  and  rounded  at  the  anterior 
end.  The  conical,  unjointed  haustellum,  or  proboscis,  is  very  promi- 
nent, and  about  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margins  of  the  head  are  situ- 
ated the  slender,  filiform,  five-jointed  antennas,  one  on  each  side. 
Each  joint  of  the  antennse  has  a  dark  brownish  ring  about  its  middle, 
the  distal  joint  often  being  entirely  fuscous,  and  bears  on  its  extremity 
a  tuft  of  hairs,  or  bristles.  The  e3'es  are  flat  and  of  a  pale  bluish  color; 
they  are  located  posterior  and  dorsal  of  the  base  of  the  antenna?  and  are 
very  conspicuous. 

Mouth  parts:  The  mouth  parts  are  of  particular  importance  in  the 
present  connection  as  it  is  due  to  their  action  that  the  irritation  and 
inflammation  of  the  skin,  occurring  in  infested  hogs  is  produced. 
They  are  also  of  interest  in  view  of  the  possibilit}^  that  certain  dis- 
eases, such  as  hog  cholera,  may  be  transmitted  by  the  hog  louse. 


EXTEENAL   PARASITES    OF    HOGS. 


13 


Burmeister  (1847)  states  that  the  protrusible  haustellum  bears  a 
double  crown  of  hooks,  with  10  or  12  hooks  in  each  row,  and  that 
the  sucking  tube,  or  stylet,  is  formed  of  an  inner  and  an  outer 
tube,  each  made  up  of  symmetrical  halves.  Erichson  (1839),  Simon 
(1851),  and  Landois  (1864)  each  describes  mandibles  in  Pediculidse. 
Schiodte  (1864)  states  that  the  ""haustellum"  described  by  Burmeister 
represents  the  labium,  which  may  be  retracted  into  the  head,  and  that 
the  supposed  mandibles  seen  by  Erichson,  Simon,  and  Landois  are 
parts  of  the  labium.  Bruhl  (1871)  states  that  the  stylet  is  formed  of 
dorsal  and  ventral  halves,  which  are  protruded  separately  and  after- 
wards brought  together  to  form  a  tube.  Gerstfeldt  (1853)  states  that 
the  st}  let  is  formed  of  two  chitinous  half  cylinders  united,  and  includes 
two  setae  likewise  united.     Packard  (1888)  says  the  Pediculina  have  a 


Fig.  4.— Cross  section  of  anterior  part  of 

stylet  or  so-called  sucking  tube,   a,  ven-  _,      , 
tral  part;    bb,  dorsal  part;    c,  capillary 

tube.  Pig.  9.— Posterior 

Figs.  5-6. — Cro-ss  sections  of  intermediate  part  of  capillary 

portion  of  the  stylet.  tube    and    ven- 

FiGS.  7-8. — Cross  sections  of  posterior  or  tral  part  of  sty- 
basal  part  of  stylet.  Fig.  8  shows  di-  let  showing  the 
verging  roots  of  the  stylet.  (Magnified  basal  branches 
850  times.)  or  roots. 


Fig.  10.— Posterior 
portion  of  dorsal  part 
of  stylet  showing  the 
basal  branches  or 
roots. 


beak-like  sucker  which  is  soft  and  retractile,  with  two  protrusible 
chitinous  bristles.  Kholodkovsky  (1903)  states  that  the  stylot  does  not 
function  as  a  sucking  tube,  but  is  merely  a  piercing  organ  used  to  pro- 
duce a  wound  and  does  not  convey  the  blood  into  the  mouth.  Ender- 
lein  (1904)  states  that  the  stylet  is  formed  of  two  ventral  parts  (lobi 
internus  and  hypopharynx)  united  to  form  a  tube  and  a  dorsal  part  con- 
sisting of  two  chitinous  bands. 

A  cross  section  of  the  stylet  (figs.  4  to  8)  shows  that  it  is  formed  of 
three  chitinous  parts — a  ventral  half  cylinder  (a),  within  the  concavity 
of  which  lies  a  minute  capillar}^  tube  (c),  2  //  in  diameter,  and  a  dorsal 
part  {hb),  which  is  formed  of  two  half  cylinders  lying  side  by  side  and 
fused  together.  Each  half  of  the  dorsal  part  is  bilobed  at  its  distal 
extremity  (fig.  12). 


14 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


If  a  louse  is  placed  on  the  hand  and  allowed  to  thrust  its  stylet  into 

the  skin,  a  sharp  stinging  sensation  is  felt.     Soon  blood  will  be  seen  in 

a  pulsating  ventricle  in  the  head  of  the  louse.     If  the  head  is  now  cut 

oflf  just  back  of  the  antennae,  and  carefully  pulled  loose  from  the  hand, 

the  proboscis  is  seen  to  be  everted,  with  the  hooks  on  its  outer  surface 
directed  backward,  and  the  stylet,  still  protruding,  is 
covered  with  blood  stain.  This  indicates  that  the  st3'let 
is  not  withdrawn  after  making  a  wound,  and  that  blood 
flows  along  the  parts  of  the  stylet  into  the  mouth  cavity, 
the  flow  being  kept  up  by  the  pumping  ventricle,  which 
is  a  modified  portion  of  the  esophagus  provided  with 
muscle  attachments  for  expanding  its  walls.  The  stylet 
is  contained  in  a  movable  sheath  (fig.  11)  in  a  canal  which 
lies  ventral  of  the  esophagus  and  opens  into  the  mouth 
cavity.  The  12  hooks  (fig.  12)  on  the  proboscis  are 
located  on  its  dorsal  and  latei"al  surface,  none  occurring 
on  the  ventral  side.  The  hooks  are  drawn  inside  the  pro- 
boscis when  it  is  retracted. 

Measurements  of  the  stylet  from 
its  base  to  its  extremity  give  a 
length  of  li  to  li  mm. 

Figure  11,  taken  from  Bur- 
meister  (1847),  shows  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  stylet  with  the 
sheath  containing  it.  The  parts 
hh  and  c,  described  by  Burmeister 

as  roots  of  the  inner  tube,  constitute  the  origin 

of  the  two  ventral  parts  of  the  stylet  (fig.  9,  «,  c). 

The  parts  aa,  described  as  roots  of  the  outer 

tube  of  the  stylet,  form  part  of  the  origin  of 

the  dorsal  part  of  the  stylet  (fig.  10).     The  parts 

cc^  described  as  diverging  branches  of  the  sheath 

containing  the  stjdet,  are  not  only  connected 

with  the  base  of  the  sheath,  but  also  help  to 

form  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  part  of  the  stylet 

(fig.  10).     Figure  12  is  a  greatly  enlarged  dor- 
sal view  of  the  proboscis  protruded,  showing 

the  12  hooks  everted,  also  the  parts  of  the  st}^- 

let.     When  the  stylet  is  normally  protruded  its 

parts  are  closely  approximated  and  can  not  be 

distinguished,    except  in   instances  where   the        ^ 

dorsal  part  Ijh  is  partially  retracted  and  the  ventral   parts   remain 

protruded. 

Thorax:  The  thorax  is  l)roader  than  long;  anterior  dorsal  margin 

concave;  posterior  dorsal  margin  slightly  notched  at  the  median  line; 


Fig.  11.— Basal 
branches  of 
stylet  and  the 
sheath  con- 
taining the 
stylet.  (After 
Burmeister, 
1847,  fig.  6.) 


Fig.  12. — Dorsal  view  of 
everted  proboscis,  a,  ven- 
tral part  of  stylet;  66,  dorsal 
part  of  stylet;  c,  capillary 
tube  of  stylet;  d,  hook  with 
single  prong;  r,  liook  with 
double  prong.  The  parts  of 
the  stylet  are  .separated  to 
show  their  relations.  (Mag- 
nified 440  times.) 


EXTERNAL    PARASITES    OF    HOGS. 


15 


posterior  lateral  angles  acute.  On  each  side,  near  the  anterior  lateral 
margin  is  a  spiracle  opening  on  the  dorsal  surface.  On  the  ventral 
surface  between  the  appendages  is  a  chitinous  shield.  In  each  anterior 
lateral  angle  of  this  shield  or  plate  is  an  opening  called  the  osteole, 
leading  from  a  canal  that  extends  cephalad. 

Abdomen:  The  abdomen  is  divided  into  nine  segments.     The  second 
to  the  seventh  segments  inclusive  are  bor- 
dered on  each  side  with  a  horny  excresence 
surrounding  a  light-colored   spiracula  (tig. 
1,  c).     The  first  and  last  segments  are  with- 
out spiracula,  and  the  la>st  segment  has  on 
the  dorsal  surface  two  dark-colored,  chitin- 
ous plates  joined   ante- 
riorly by  a  narrow  strip 
of  chitin.     The  color  of 
the  abdomen  varies  from 
ashy  blue  to  nearly  white. 


Pig.  13. — Claw  of  Hxmatopinus 
^uin.  a,  pad  in  the  end  of  tibia 
against  which  the  hair  is  pressed 
by  the  tarsus;  b,  tarsus;  c,  tibial 
tooth. 


Legs :  The  legs,  attached 
on  the  ventral  side  of  the 
thorax,  are  long  and  thick, 
pale  yellow  in  color,  with 
banded   joints.     The   tar- 
sus (fig.  13,  7f)  is  curved 
and  jointed,  enabling  the 
claw  to  clasp  the  hair,  pressing  it  against 
the  tibial  tootli  and  retractile  disk,  or  pad, 
in  the  end  of  the  tibia  (fig.  13).     The  louse 
travels  sideways  and,  with  the  aid  of  its 
claws  for  grasping  the  hairs,  can  move  quite 
rapidly. 

VAUi    OF   THE    HOG    LOUSK. 


Fig.  14.— Eggs  of 
Hxmatopinus  suis 
attached  to  a  hair 
(magnified  eight 
times),  a,  natural 
size  of  eggs. 


Fig.  1.5.— Shell  of  egg  from  which 
the  young  louse  has  escaped. 
a,  (ipercuhim  or  lid;  b,  rup- 
tured embryonic  membrane. 
(Magnified  27  times.) 


When  a  hog  is  l)adly  affected  with  lice  hundreds  of  eggs  will  be 
found  on  the  hair  back  of  the  ears,  along  the  front  of  the  shoulders, 
and  on  the  flanks.  The  freshly  deposited  egg  is  bluish  white  in  color, 
elongated,  oval  in  shape,  1.5  mm.  long,  and  is  enlarged  at  the  end 
bearing  the  circular  operculum,  or  lid,  which  is  forced  open  when  the 
19185— N(j.  69—05 3 


16 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


young  louse  is  ready  to  hatch  out.  The  egg  is  attached  at  its  smaller 
end  to  the  V)ase  of  the  hair  by  a  gluey  substance  that  usually  com- 
pletely encircles  the  hair  (tig.  15).  The  surface  of  the  egg  is  covered 
with  small  hexagonal  punctations,  which  give  it  a  honeycomb  appear- 
ance. The  shell  of  the  egg  is  per- 
forated bv  numerous  stomata  (figs. 
16,17). 

Incubation:  It  is  stated  in  Coburn's 
(1888)  "Swine  Husbandry"  that  the 
egg  will  hatch  out  in  about  five  days 
after  being  deposited.  Tests  con- 
ducted at  Washington,  D.  C,  how- 
ever, show  that  the  time  of  incubation 
will  vary  with  changes  in  temperature 
and  moisture.  It  was  found  that  eggs  freshly  deposited  and  kept  in 
a  room  of  ordinary  humidit}'  at  a  temperature  of  85^  F.  during  the 
month  of  September  hatched  out  in  from  fifteen  to  sixteen  da3's, 
while  the  eggs  placed  in  a  closed  dish  containing  a  receptacle  filled 
with  water  hatched  out  in  twelve  days.  Lowering  the  temperature 
retards  development  of  the  eggs. 


Fig.  16.— Outer  sur- 
face of  shell  of  egg 
showing  the  sto- 
mata.   (Magnified.) 


Fig.  17.— Inner  sur- 
face of  shell  of  egg 
showing  the  inner 
orifices  of  the  sto- 
mata. (Magnified.) 


INJURIOUS    EFFECTS   OF   THE    HOG   LOUSE. 

It  seems  nece.s.sary  to  emphasize  this  part  of  the  subject  since  usually 
little  attention  is  given  by  farmers  to  this  parasite.  Every  farmer 
and  stock  raiser  is  familiar  with  the  frequency  and  wide  distribution 
of  the  hog  louse,  but  they  do  not  alwavs  attribute  to  it  an}'  pathologic 
or  economic  importance.  When  a  drove  of  hogs  is  not  thriving  prop- 
erly the  more  common  custom  is  to  pronounce  them  out  of  condition, 
or  simply  off  feed,  and  a  patent  stock  food  or  a  patent  condition  pow- 
der is  administered,  with  no  evident  benefit.  In  such  cases,  if  a  careful 
examination  of  the  animals  is  made,  the  cause  of  the  unthrift}'  condition 
is  often  directly  traceable  to  the  presence  on  the  skin  of  large  num- 
bers of  lice  or  other  external  parasites. 

When  lice  increase  to  large  numbers,  as  the}-  are  likely  to  do  if  not 
destroyed,  the  skin  of  the  animals  becomes  covered  with  scales  and 
sores,  and  in  extreme  cases  swelling  and  inflammation  develop  as  a 
result  of  the  parasites  piercing  the  skin  with  their  mouth  parts  hun- 
dreds of  times  each  day  in  their  effort  to  secure  blood  for  food. 
The  irritation  thus  produced  is  a  source  of  constant  annoyance  and 
worry  to  the  hogs,  evidenced  by  their  restlessness  and  incessant  rub- 
bing and  scratching  against  any  convenient  object.  The  ultimate 
effect  of  such  affliction  is  seriou.sly  to  interfere  with  the  growth  and 
fattening  of  hogs,  especially  of  young  pigs. 

Lice  not  only  produce  a  direct  injury  to  hogs  by  impairment  of  the 
skin,  but  also,  by  reason  of  the  debilitated  condition  of  the  animals 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOGS.  17 

which  ensues,  indirectly  create  a  greater  susceptibilit}^  to  various  dis- 
eases. It  is  stated  by  Peters  (1902),  of  the  Nebraska  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, that  observations  in  his  work  show  that  during  epidemics  of  hog- 
cholera  animals  affected  with  lice  are  most  susceptible  to  the  disease, 
and  that  the  percentage  of  fatalities  is  greater  than  among  herds  free 
from  lice.  So  evident  is  this  that  the  first  treatment  he  recommends 
for  hog  cholera  is  to  destroy  the  lice  on  the  animals  and  disinfect  the 
pens. 

The  opinion  that  the  hog  louse  may  carr}-  the  infection  of  hog 
cholera  from  sick  to  health}'  animals  is  not  without  support  among 
some  writers  on  diseases  of  hogs.  Dodge  (1869,  pp.  125-217)  quotes 
abstracts  from  correspondents  referring  to  worms  and 'lice  causing 
hog  cholera.  No  positive  evidence  or  experiments  have  been  brought 
forward,  however,  and  the  possibility  of  the  hog  louse  conveying 
diseases  is  an  open  question. 

The  destruction  of  this  parasite  is  a  comparatively  easy  matter,  and 
practical  tests  have  demonstrated  the  economic  importance  of  freeing 
hogs  from  a  pest  that  deters  growth,  weakens  the  general  physical 
condition,  and  renders  the  animals  an  easy  prey  to  contagious  maladies. 

TREATMENT  FOR  THE  HOG  LOUSE. 

PREVENTIVE    MEASURES. 

Any  treatment  to  prove  effective  against  lice  on  hogs  must  include 
preventive  measures  as  well  as  destructive  remedies.  The  sleeping- 
quarters  of  lousy  hogs  become  infested  with  lice,  which  crawl  off  the 
hogs  and  secrete  themselves  in  the  crevices  of  the  building  and  in  the 
bedding,  while  the  eggs  on  the  hair  that  the  hogs  shed  and  rub  off 
will  hatch  out  young  lice.  These  parasites  in  the  building  immediately 
reinfest  animals  from  which  the  lice  have  been  removed  b}'  treatment. 
The  selling  and  slaughtering  of  the  majority  of  hogs  at  a  comparativeh' 
early  age,  and  the  consequent  destruction  of  the  lice  on  them  in  the 
scalding  vat,  is  naturally  a  great  check  to  the  increase  in  the  number 
of  the  parasites.  As  a  usual  thing,  however,  an  entire  herd  of  hogs 
is  not  sold  at  one  time,  and  the  few  remaining  animals  will  serve  as 
hosts  for  the  lice  in  the  building  until  a  new  drove  of  hogs  is  placed 
in  the  same  pens,  when  the  lice  at  once  begin  to  multipl}'  rapidly  on 
their  new  hosts.  A  thorough  treatment,  therefore,  includes  the 
destruction  of  the  lice  in  the  buildings  and  pens  in  addition  to  treatment 
of  the  animals  themselves.  If  the  pens  where  lousy  hogs  have  been 
kept  are  left  vacant  for  a  period  of  two  weeks  all  lice  will  have  per- 
ished, and  an}'  new  animals  introduced  will  be  in  no  danger  of  infection. 

For  disinfection  of  buildings  Peters  (1902)  gives  preference  to  a  8 
per  cent  solution  of  any  of  the  coal-tar  preparations,  to  be  applied 
with  a  broom  or  spray  pump. 


18  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

Niles  (1900)  recommends  a  2  per  cent  solution  of  carbolic  acid,  solu- 
tions of  benzine  and  kerosene  (said  not  to  be  so  effective  as  carbolic 
acid),  and  air-slaked  lime  having  a  little  carbolic  acid  added  and  dusted 
over  the  floors. 

Probably  the  most  convenient  method  of  combating  lice  and  mites 
in  buildings  is  the  common  custom  of  applying  whitewash  made  by 
slaking  lime  with  water  (li  pounds  to  1  gallon  of  water).  Popular 
usage  has  made  this  a  standard  remedy,  for  it  has  been  found  to  be 
effective.  Crude  carbolic  acid  added  to  the  whitewash  (1  pint  of  the 
acid  to  4  gallons  of  whitewash)  is  said  to  increase  its  effectiveness. 

In  treating  hogs  infected  with  lice  special  attention  should  be  given 
to  those  part's  of  the  body  where  the  lice  congregate  in  greatest  num- 
bers. They  are  found  principally  inside,  behind,  and  in  front  of  the 
ears,  on  the  breasts,  and  back  of  the  fore  legs.  Even  with  the  most 
thorough  treatment,  however,  some  of  the  lice  are  apt  to  escape,  and 
these,  if  not  destroyed,  soon  increase  in  numbers.  The  eggs  are  not 
all  destroyed  b\'  any  single  treatment.  These  facts  make  it  necessary 
to  repeat  an}'  treatment  used  in  order  entirely  to  eradicate  these  pests 
from  a  badly  infested  herd.  When  strange  hogs  are  added  to  a  herd 
they  should  alwaj's  be  examined  for  parasites  in  order  that  an}-  infested 
ones  ma}'  not  cause  the  spread  of  lice  throughout  the  entire  herd. 

TREATMENT   OF   THE    HOGS. 

Many  different  preparations  have  been  used  to  destro}'  lice  on  hogs. 
Probablj'  the  oldest  method  is  the  use  of  washes  or  liquid  insecticides. 
It  is  frequently  stated  that  a  dust  bath  for  hogs  is  destructive  to  lice, 
butT.  J.  Brewster  (1894),  of  Kansas,  declares  that  the  lousiest  hogs  he 
ever  saw  were  confined  in  extremely  dusty  pens;  he  recommends  kero- 
sene as  an  effective  remedj-. 

The  agricultural  experiment  stations  have  carried  on  numerous 
experiments  in  the  treatment  of  the  hog  louse,  and  a  brief  review  of 
the  work  is  here  given. 

Gillette  (1889)  successfully  used  kerosene  emulsion,  which  was 
sprayed  over  pigs  by  means  of  a  force  pump  and  spray  nozzle.  Thirt}^- 
seven  hogs,  weighing  from  125  to  250  pounds,  were  treated  with  6 
gallons  of  emulsion,  the  cost  of  which  (exclusive  of  labor)  was  but  13 
cents.  The  animals  were  crowded  into  a  close  pen  and  thoroughly 
sprayed.  The  cheapness  of  this  remedy  allows  it  to  be  used  freel}' 
and  often,  as  is  necessary  with  the  usual  treatments. 

Lewis  (1902)  constructed  a  dipping  vat  and  used  proprietary'  dips. 
He  states  that  his  experiments  proved  the  remedies  to  be  useless  in  the 
weak  solutions  recommended  by  the  manufacturers.  Nothing  less 
than  a  2  per  cent  solution  could  be  relied  on  to  kill  the  lice. 

A.  E.  Verrill  (1870)  reports  as  the  best  and  simplest  remedy  a  solu- 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOGS.  19 

tion  of  sulphuret  of  potassium  in  water — from  2  to  4  ounces  to  1  gallon 
of  water.     Apply  the  solution  with  a  brush  or  spray. 

Lugger  (1896)  recommends  pyrethrum  mixed  with  kerosene  emul- 
sion. 

Tracy  (1899)  used  successfully  kerosene  and  water  in  a  spraying 
pump  (see  p.  21)  with  an  attachment  for  mixing  the  oil  and  water  in 
the  proportion  of  5  parts  of  water  to  1  of  oil.  He  recommends  spray- 
ing in  the  evening,  in  order  that  the  oil  ma}'^  evaporate  during  the 
night,  thus  avoiding  the  danger  of  blistering  the  skin  bj'  action  of  the 
sun's  heat  on  the  oily  skin. 

The  various  stock  journals  of  this  country  contain  frequent  notes 
from  rural  correspondents  reporting  success  in  the  use  of  pure  kero- 
sene, applied  to  the  animals  by  means  of  a  spraying  machine  or  with 
a  brush  or  broom. 

E.  H.  Kern  (1904),  a  Kansas  farmer,  writes  that  he  used  pure  kero- 
sene oil  applied  with  a  knapsack  sprayer  (fig.  26).  He  states  that, 
contrary  to  the  expectations  of  his  neighbors,  the  hair  did  not  come 
off,  neither  did  the  skin  blister,  but  on  the  morning  following  the 
application  "thousands  of  dead  lice  were  found  among  the  loose 
scales  of  dirt  and  mange  on  the  backs  of  the  hogs,"  The  animals 
immediatel}^  improved  in  looks  and  condition. 

Craig  &  Bitting  (1904)  recommend  pure  kerosene  oil  as  the  cheapest 
remed}^  for  lice  on  hogs.  A  sufficient  amount  of  water  is  placed  in  the 
dipping  vat  and  the  oil  then  added  to  a  depth  of  1  inch.  The  hogs, 
when  driven  through  the.liquid,  emerge  with  a  thin  coating  of  oil  over 
the  entire  bod3% 

It  must  be  stated,  however,  that  the  application  of  pure  kerosene  to 
the  skin  of  hogs  has  been  known  to  produce  blisters  and  cause  the  hair 
to  fall  out.  The  writer  has  observed  these  results  follow  such  heroic 
treatment.  When  pure  kerosene  is  applied,  the  caution  to  use  it  in 
the  evening  in  order  to  avoid  the  effect  of  the  sun's  heat  on  the  skin 
freshly  wet  with  kerosene  must  be  strictly  observed,  and  care  be  taken 
not  to  apply  the  oil  too  freely. 

The  statement  has  been  made  (Knob,  1903)  that  kerosene  used  on 
pregnant  sows  will  produce  al)ortion,  but  the  frequent  use  of  kerosene 
on  pregnant  sows  without  evil  results  ensuing  indicates  that  such 
accidents  are  unusual. 

Oliver  (1896)  recommends  1  part  of  kerosene  mixed  with  2  parts  of 
linseed  or  cotton-seed  oil,  applied  once  a  week  till  the  lice  are  all 
destroyed, 

A  decoction  of  stavesacre  seed  {Delphinium  staphysagria),  using  2 
ounces  of  seed  to  1  quart  of  water,  is  much  used  in  England  to  kill 
lice.    Vinegar  added  to  the  li(juid  is  said  to  destroy  the  eggs  of  lice. 

A  decoction  of  equal  parts  of  hellebore,  sabadilla,  and  stavesacre 
has  been  recommended  as  effective  against  lice. 


20  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

A  herd  of  lousy  hogs  in  the  vicinity  of  Kensington,  Md.,  was 
treated  in  separate  lots  with  kerosene  emulsion,  several  proprietary 
preparations,  and  an  emulsion  of  Texas  oil.  These  remedies  were  all 
tested  at  this  laboratory'  by  plunging  lice  into  the  various  solutions 
and  laying  them  aside  to  dry.  Ever}'  preparation  in  dilute  solution 
killed  the  lice  in  a  few  seconds,  excepting  the  Texas  oil,  which  was 
effective  onlj^  in  concentrated  solution  and  acted  more  slowl3\ 

The  hogs  were  sprayed  twice,  two  weeks  intervening  between  the 
two  treatments.  Kerosene  in  a  10  pei*  cent  emulsion  proved  success- 
ful. Creolin  in  a  3  per  cent  solution  also  destroyed  the  lice.  The 
Texas  oil  in  a  10  per  cent  emulsion  was  found  to  be  absolutely  useless. 
The  exact  results  of  the  tests  with  proprietary  preparations  could  not 
be  determined,  for  the  pigs  treated  with  them  escaped  from  their  pen 
after  the  first  treatment  and  a  few  lice  were  found  on  some  of  the 
animals. 

Later  experiments  with  Texas  oil  in  the  crude  state  have  demon- 
strated its  value  as  a  dip  for  hogs  affected  with  lice  and  the  itch  mite 
{Sarcoptes  scabiei).  Fifty-two  gallons  of  oil  were  placed  in  a  tank 
with  60  gallons  of  water  and  the  pigs  dipped  once.  A  few  daj'S  after 
dipping  the  lice  were  found  to  have  disappeared,  and  the  scab  mites, 
with  which  the  animals  were  severeh'  affected,  were  also  destroyed. 

The  foregoing  account  of  results  of  experiments  with  different  reme- 
dies used  against  the  hog  louse  shows  that  the  following  are  successful, 
cheap,  easily  prepared,  and  readily  applied:  Kerosene  emulsion,  kero- 
sene and  water,  kerosene  (pure,  but  to  be  used  with  caution),  Beaumont 
oil,  and  benzine  emulsion  (not  much  used).  None  of  the  arsenical  or 
poisonous  insecticides  is  mentioned,  for,  when  nonpoisonous  remedies 
are  thoroughly  efficient  and  readily  obtained  there  is  no  necessit}'  of 
running  the  risks  attendant  on  the  use  of  these  poisons. 

The  lime-and-sulphur  dip  recommended  as  a  cure  for  scabies  in  cattle 
and  hogs  was  tried  as  a  remedy  for  lice  on  hogs  but  has  not  as  j^et 
been  sufficiently  tested  for  a  statement  of  results  at  this  time. 

FORMULAS    OF   OIL    EMILHIOXS. 

1.  Kerosene  emulsion  is  prepared  according  to  the  proportions  in 
the  following  formulas: 

(a)  Hard  soap,  J  pound  (one-half  bar  common  soap). 

Kerosene,  2  gallons. 

"Water,  1  gallon. 
Boil  the  water  and  soap  until  the  latter  is  dissolved,  remove  from  the  fire,  then 
add  the  kerosene  and  churn  or  agitate  vigorously  till  an  emulsion  is  formed.  This 
emulsion,  if  thoroughly  mixed,  will  form  a  gelatinous  mass  on  cooling;  it  keeps 
indefinitely  and  may  be  used  at  any  time  by  diluting  with  warm  water  to  20  gallons. 
If  used  after  cooling,  the  mixture  should  be  "heated  ^ain  (great  care  must  be  exer- 
cised in  heating  a  second  time  because  of  the  inflammable  kerosene  present,  and  for 


EXTERNAL    PARASITES    OF    HOGS.  21 

safety  the  mixture  should  be  heated  out  of  doors)  and  then  thoroughly  mixed  a 
second  time. 

(b)  Soft  soap,  1  quart. 
Hard  soap,  \  pound. 
Kerosene,  1  pint. 
Water,  2  quarts. 

Mix  as  in  preceding  formula  and  dilute  with  1  gallon  of  warm  water.  Reheat  as 
in  formula  (a) 

(c)  Sour  milk,  4  gallons. 
Kerosene,  2  gallons. 

Mix  the  milk  and  kerosene  and  dilute  with  warm  water  t(j  20  gallons. 

This  formula  has  the  advantage  over  other  methods  of  making  ker- 
osene emulsion,  as  it  avoids  the  necessity  of  making  a  soap  mixture, 
the  milk  acting  as  an  emulsitier. 

((/)  Hard  soap,  i  pound. 

Pyrethrum,  Sg  pounds. 

Kerosene,  2  gallons. 

Water,  1  gallon. 
Boil  the  water  and  soap  until  the  latter  is  dissolved.  P^xtract  the  pyrethrum  with 
the  kerosene  by  stirring  the  pyrethrum  and  kerosene  together  and  allowing  the 
mixture  to  stand  for  twenty-four  hours,  then  pour  off  the  liquid.  The  kerosene 
extract  is  then  mixed  with  the  soap  solution  as  in  formula  («).  For  use  dilute 
with  warm  water  to  20  gallons.     Reheat  as  in  formula  (a). 

The  pyrethrum  is  said  to  add  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  emulsion. 

The  kerosene  emulsions  when  prepared  should  not  have  oil  drops 
rising  to  the  surface.  If  drops  of  oil  are  seen  it  is  proof  that  the 
emulsion  has  not  been  sufficiently  churned  or  agitated  to  emulsify  the 
mixture. 

Goff  (1891)  describes  and  figures  a  sprajnng  pump  for  mixing  kerosene 
and  water,  which  mixture  is  said  to  be  more  penetrative  than  an  enudsion. 
This  pump  is  fitted  with  a  foot-valve  admitting  oil  and  water  through 
separate  orifices  and  a  graduated  screw  regulating  the  pi-oportionate 
amount  of  each  fluid  admitted.  The  packing  and  pistons  should  be 
made  of  leather  and  the  valve  seats  of  brass,  on  account  of  the  destruc- 
tive action  of  the  liquid  on  fittings  made  of  other  materials. 

2.   Benzine  emulsion: 

Soft  soap,  4  parts. 
Water,  10  to  15  parts. 
Benzine,  1  part. 
Boil  the  water  and  soap  until  the  latter  is  dissolved,  remcjve  from  the  tire,  then 
add  the  benzine  and  agitate  till  an  emulsion  is  formed. 


MANGE,  OR  SCABIES,  OF  HOOS. 


^1  ^-  v-/_ 

f       r     ^  ^~ 


CAUSK    OF   MANGE. 

Mange  in  hogs,  which  is  a  disease  of  the  skin  caused  by  parasitic 
mites,  is  of  two  kinds.  The  demodecic  form  is  produced  by  a  mite 
named  Demodex  folliculorum  var.  suis  {  —  D.  phylloides  Csokor)  (tigs. 
21,  22).  The  sarcoptic  form,  which  is  better  known  and  considered  to 
be  more  common  than  demode- 
cic mange,  is  caused  by  a  mite 
known  as  Sarcoptes  scahiei  var. 
suis  (figs.  18,  19).  These  two 
parasites  of  mange  in  hogs  are 
designated  as  "variety  suis-''  in 
order  to  distinguish  them  from 
parasites  of  the  same  species 
which  cause  mange  in  the  dog, 
the  cat,  the  sheep,  and  some 
other  animals.  Many  writers 
consider  them  distinct  species, 
and  a  third  mite,  Sarcoptes  'par- 
vidus  Can.,  has  been  described 
from  the  hog. 

SARCOITIC   MANGE. 

Neumann  (1888)  states  that 
Viborg  described  this  disease  in 
the  year  1805,  but  that  Spinola 
first  found  the  sarcopt  causing 
it  on  wild  hogs  in  the  year  18-16. 
Gerlach  (1857)  mentions  its  frequent  occurrence  on  wild  hogs  near 
Berlin  and  on  hogs  in  Holland.  Miiller  (1SG4)  and  Kocourek  (1865) 
l)oth  found  the  sarcopt  on  hogs  in  China.  This  parasite  has  been 
observed  in  England,  France,  Ireland,  Denmark,  Canada,  Japan,  and 
frequentl}'  in  the  United  States. 

The  disease  is  described  by  the  majority  of  writers  on  hog  diseases, 
and  numerous  references  to  it  are  found  in  the  veterinary  journals  and 
in  periodicals  devoted  to  the  hog  industr}'. 

23 


Fig.  18.— Dorsal  view  of  female  mite  {Sarcoptes  scabici 
var.  8WW)  causing  sarcoptic  mange.  (After  Gerlach 
1857.)     X  150. 


24  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


DESCRIPTION. 


This  parasite  is  the  largfest  varietj'^  of  its  species  and  can  readily  be 
seen  with  the  aid  of  a  pocket  lens.  It  is  small,  white,  globular  in 
shape,  with  the  body  transverselj^  striated.  In  front  is  a  prominent 
mobile  rostrum.  On  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  body  are  numerous 
three-cornered  scales,  also  6  thoracic  and  14  abdominal  spines. 

The  lirst  and  second  pair  of  legs  in  the 
female  bear  a  pedicellate  sucker.  The 
third  and  fourth  pair  end  in  a  Igng  spine. 
The  first,  second,  and  fourth  pair  of  legs 
in  the  male  bear  a  pedicellate  sucker,  while 
the  third  pair  end  in  a  long  spine. 

The  female  is  nearl}'  one-half  millimeter 
long  and  about  one-third  millimeter  broad. 
The  male  is  a  little  smaller  than  the  female. 
The  egg  is  (I. IT  mm.  long  and  0.12  mm. 
broad. 

Fig.  19.— Dorsal  view  of  male  mite  KEPROnrCTlOX. 

(Sarcoptes  scabiei  var.  suh)  of  sar- 

coptic  mange.   (After  Geriach,         The  cggs  (fig.  20)  are  deposited  by  the 
m-ii.)   xioo. .  female   and   hatch,  according  to  different 

authorities,  in  three  to  eight  da^^s,  under  favorable  conditions. 

It  has  been  estimated  b}'  Gerlach  that  a  male  and  a  female  sarcopt  will, 

after  a  period  of  three  months,  have  a  progeny  of  1,500,000  descendants. 

SYMPTOMS. 

The  skin  is  first  inflamed  and  irritated  about  the  e3'es  and  ears;  the 
pruritis  gradually  spreads  over  the  withers,  flanks,  and  in- 
ner surface  of  the  thighs,  later  invading  the  entire  surface 
of  the  body.  The  skin  becomes  wrinkled,  is  covered  with 
crusts  that  take  on  a  bluish  grav  luster,  and  the  bristles  ^"v  -^--^^^ 
either  fall  out  or  become  matted  with  the  crusts  that  are  con-  scabiei  var. 
tinually  forming  and  dropping  off.  Beneath  the  crusts  the  *«'«  (After 
skin  is  raw  and  cracked,  the  excoriation  finallv  becoming  so  isst.)  xi.to. 
severe  that  bleeding  occurs  when  the  crusts  are  pulled  off. 

Conclusive  diagnosis  of  sarcoptic  or  demodecic  mange  is  obtained  b}"^ 
finding  the  parasites.  It  is  necessary  to  pull  off  the  crusts  and  scrape 
the  skin  to  the  quick,  and  then  examine  the  scrapings  with  a  hand  lens. 

CONTAGION. 

The  diiscase  is  distributed  onh^  through  contagion,  either  bj^  diseased 
animals  or  b}-  means  of  the  buildings  and  pens  where  diseased  hogs 
have  been  kept.  It  gradually  spreads  throughout  a  herd.  An  infested 
sow  will  transfer  the  disease  in  a  severe  form  to  her  young  before  they 
are  three  weeks  old. 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOGS.  25 

Spinola  (1863)  states  that  scabies  of  the  pig  is  not  transferable  to 
other  animals.  It  has,  however,  been  transmitted  to  the  dog,  and  is 
said  to  be  transmissible  to  the  horse.  Numerous  instances  are  recorded 
of  man  contracting  the  disease  through  contact  with  mangy  hogs. 

THE    INJURIOUS    EFFECTS   OF   MANGE. 

Because  of  its  destructiveness  to  the  skin  and  the  restlessness  pro- 
duced in  the  animals  infested,  sarcoptic  mange  is  a  most  serious  disease 
that  increases  in  severity',  and  not  only  prevents  proper  growth  and 
fattening  of  hogs,  but  will  finallj'  cause  death  to  young  pigs.  It  is, 
too,  a  more  common  disease  than  is  generally  believed. 

TREATMENT. 

The  instructions  usually  given  for  treating  scabies,  or  mange,  of 
hogs  direct  that  the  animals  must  be  thorough  1}^  cleaned  by  scrubbing 
them  with  soap  and  water  or  some  strong  alkali  solution  before  a 
remedy  is  applied.  Such  care  and  detail  are  possible  where  only  a  few 
hogs  are  to  be  treated,  but  when  herds  numbering  from  50  to  500  are 
to  be  treated  such  time-consuming  and  expensive  operations  are  out 
of  the  question.  Dipping  the  animals  is  the  only  practical  method  of 
applying  remedies  to  large  herds.  Mange  is  at  best  a  hard  disease  to 
combat,  especialh'  in  hogs,  because  of  their  unclean  habits  and  usuall}^ 
tilthy  quarters.  When  mange  is  discovered,  the  hogs  should  be  shut 
away  from  mud  wallows  a  day  or  so  before  treatment  in  order  that 
the  dirt  and  crusts  may  become  rubbed  oflf  the  skin. 

It  is  not  a  difficult  thing  to  control  a  hog  in  a  properly  constructed 
dipping  vat,  and  an  animal  may  be  kept  in  the  dip  as  long  as  desir- 
able while  the  liquid  is  being  rubbed  into  the  skin  with  a  brush  or 
broom.  Care  must  be  taken  to  wet  the  inside  of  the  ears  thor- 
oughly by  rubbing  them  with  the  hands.  If  the  hogs  are  simpl}'  driven 
through  the  dip  without  any  scrubbing  it  will  require  a  long  time  to 
eradicate  the  disease.  After  the  hogs  have  been  dipped  thoy  should 
be  kept  away  from  nuid  wallows  and  dusty  pens  for  a  day,  in  order 
that  the  dip  ma}'  not  be  absorbed  by  dust  and  nuid  coming  in  contact 
with  the  wet  skin.  A  time  should  ])e  chosen  for  dipping  when  there 
has  been  no  recent  rain  to  make  it  possible  for  hogs  to  become  cov- 
<'red  with  mud  crusts.  Never  dip  in  cold  weather.  If  only  a  few  hogs 
in  a  herd  show  symptoms  of  scabies  it  is  not  sufficient  to  dip  only 
those  few  that  are  V)adl3'  infested,  for  other  a?iimals  in  the  herd  are 
sure  to  harbor  some  of  the  parasites,  which  will  continue  to  spread 
the  infection.  A  single  dipping  is  not  sufficient  for  a  cure,  for  .some 
of  the  parasites  will  escape  destruction  b}'  the  first  dipping  and  more 
young  mites  will  hatch  from  recently  deposited  e^gs.  A  second  dip- 
ping, therefore,  should  follow  six  davs  after  the  first  treatment.  The 
mcubation  period  of  the  eggs  under  favorable  conditions  is  stated  to 


26  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

be  from  three  to  five  days.  Perseverance  is  the  only  way  to  effect  a 
permanent  cure.  The  improved  condition  of  scabby  hogs,  even  on 
the  da}^  following  a  successful  treatment,  will  be  evident  from  their 
unusual  quietness  and  better  humor. 

In  addition  to  treating  hogs  for  mange  it  is  necessary  either  to 
remove  the  animals  to  new  quarters  for  a  period  of  four  weeks,  after 
which  time  the  danger  of  reinfection  in  the  old  quarters  is  past,  or  to 
clean  and  wash  the  pens  and  buildings.  (See  p.  17  for  washes  for 
buildings.) 

RBMEDIKS. 

There  are  numerous  mixtures  and  compounds  that  kill  the  scab 
mites,  but  the  item  of  expense  and  the  facility  of  preparation  and 
application  restrict  a  choice  of  remedies.  Liquid  remedies  are  the 
only  practical  ones  to  be  used  on  a  large  scale;  if  ointments  are  used 
it  is  necessary  to  scrub  the  animals  thoroughly  before  applying  them. 

Ointmeiits. 

(1 )  Helmerich's  pomade  (=sublinied  sulphur  2  parts,  potassium  carbonate  1  part, 
lard  8  parts). 

(2)  Creosote  1  part,  lard  25  parts. 

(3)  Sulphur  10  parts,  lard  30  parts. 

^^4)  Turpentine  8  })arts,  flowers  of  sulphur  1  part. 

Liquid  preparations. 

(1)  Lime-and-sulphur  dip  (= unslaked  lime  10  pounds,  flowers  of  sulphur  24 
pounds,  water  100  gallons). 

Slake  the  lime  with  sutficient  water  to  make  a  thin  paste  and  stir  in  the  sulphur. 
Boil  this  mixture  with  25  or  30  gallons  of  water  for  two  hours.  Pour  the  liquid  into 
a  vessel  and  allow  the  sediment  to  settle.  The  liquid  is  then  drawn  off  into  the  vat 
(carefully  avoid  disturbing  the  sediment)  and  warm  water  added  to  make  100  gallons. 
The  proportions  in  this  mixture  must  be  exact.     This  preparation  is  used  while  warm. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Rosa,  of  Milford,  Del.,  in  a  letter  dated  December  3, 1904, 
states  that  he  used  the  above  dip  on  40  head  of  hogs  affected  with  mange 
and  reports  a  perfect  cure  after  a  second  treatment. 

(2)  Potassium  pentasulphide,  1  kilogram  (2.2  pounds)  dissolved  in  30  liters  (31.5 
quarts )  of  water. 

Scholl  (1904)  in  a  recent  treatment  of  160  hogs  badh'  infested  with 
mange  washed  them  with  soap  and  water,  then  applied  the  above  solu- 
tion. From  the  first  day  of  treatment,  it  is  reported,  the  irritation 
diminished;  the  skin  lesions  healed,  and  the  animals  rapidl}'  put  on 
flesh.  A  second  treatment  was  given  in  two  weeks  as  a  precautionary 
measure. 

(3)  One  part  of  creosote  mixed  with  30  parts  of  oil  [linseed]  is  a  remedy  said  to 
be  much  used  in  Germany. 

(4)  Beaumont,  or  Texas,  oil.     (See  j).  20  for  method  of  application.) 


EXTERNAL   PARASITES    OF    HOGS. 


27 


Some  hogs,  belonging  to  Mr.  Vern  Godden,of  Greenwood,  Nebr. ,  were 
recently  observed  by  the  writer  to  be  in  poor  condition  and  covered 
with  grayish  scales.  Examination  gave  a  diagnosis  of  sarcoptic  infec- 
tion in  a  severe  form.  The  animals,  without  any  previous  washing  or 
preparation,  were  dipped  in  the  Beaumont  oil.  They 
were  driven  into  the  dip  and  scrubbed  with  an  old 
broom.  Special  care  was  taken  to  rub  the  inside  of 
the  ears  with  the  hands,  since  the  skin  on  those  parts 
was  raw  and  cracked,  and  harbored  scores  of  the 
parasites.  The  day  following  this  treatment  the 
animals  were  more  quiet,  and  ate  their  food  better; 
this  improvement  was  particularly 
noticeable  in  the  \'oung  pigs. 

On  October  6,  1904,  one  month 
after  treatment,  Mr.  Godden  wrote: 
"As  to  the  condition  of  the  hogs, 
they  are  much  better  since  the 
treatment;  some  seem  to  be  en- 
tirely cured  of  that  scal^^  look.  I 
would  recommend  the  Texas  oil  as 
a  good  thing  for  scabby  hogs." 
Failure  to  dip  a  second  time  ac- 
cording to  instructions,  accounts  for  the  lack  of 
complete  success  in  this  experiment. 

DEMODECIC    MANGE. 


Fig.  21. —Ventral  view 
of  male  Dcmodex 
foil i cull) rum  var. 
mis.  (After  Csokor, 
1879).     x240. 


Fui.  22. — Ventral  view 
of  female  Dcmodex 
foUiculorum  var.  suis: 
(After  Csokor,  1879.). 
( Magnified  240  times. ) 


Csokor  (1879)  first  found  the  Demodex  in  pigs,  and, 
on  account  of  its  resemblance  in  shape 
to  a  laurel  leaf,  named  it  Demode.r 
pJiyUoldes  (figs.  21,  22).  The  para- 
site, however,  is  sometimes  grouped 
with  the  other  varieties  of  the  genus  Demodex  found 
on  other  animals  into  a  single  species  folllmdorutii^  and 
designated  as  Demodex  follicidorani  var.  huIs,.  D. 
folllcidoruvi  is  said  to  be  of  rare  occurrence,  but  this 
statement  is  doubtless  incorrect  and  results  from  a  fail- 
ure to  recognize  the  parasite.  Government  inspectors 
have  frequenth'  withheld  hogs  from  the  market  be- 
cause of  a  peculiar  appearance  of  the  skin  which  was 
shown  to  be  caused  by  I)emodex.  Leather  manufac- 
turers state  that  a  large  percentage  of  beef  hides  re- 
ceived are  partially  ruined  by  the  pitted  condition  of  the 
skin,  a  condition  which  is  produced  by  this  parasite  found  on  the  cattle. 
It  is  generally  held  that  D.  foUleidorum,  does  not  produce  any  patho- 
logic symptoms  nor  perceptibly  interfere  with  the  growth  of  the 


KIG.  23.— Egrg  of 
Dcmod/j-  folli- 
ciiloruni  var. 
i^ni><.  (.\ftor 
Csokor,  187'J.) 
>:  240. 


28  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

animals,  hence  it  seems  to  be  of  direct  economic  importance  to  leather 
manufacturers  only. 

The  female  (tig.  22)  is  0.25  mm.  long,  elongate,  with  eight  pairs  of 
three-jointed  legs,  each  provided  with  two  claws.  In  front  is  a  short 
median  rostrum.  The  abdomen  is  tapering,  transversely  striate  above 
and  below,  and  rounded  at  the  extremity.  The  vulva  is  situated  in  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen,  in  front  of  the 
anus.  The  egg  (fig.  23)  is  fusiform  and  hatches  a  larval  hexapod, 
which  moults  three  times  before  arriving  at  maturity. 

The  male  (fig.  21)  is  distinguished  from  the  female  by  the  presence 
of  a  genital  armature  in  front  of  the  anus,  and  it  is  a  little  smaller 
in  size. 

Demodex  folliculorum  bores  into  the  hair  follicles  and  sebaceous 
glands,  causing  pustules  that  enlarge,  rupture,  and  leave  sores  and 
ulcers  on  the  skin.  This  disease  spreads  from  the  snout,  over  the  neck, 
the  under  part  of  the  chest  and  abdomen,  and  over  the  flanks  and  inner 
part  of  the  legs.  Its  deep  location  in  the  skin  protects  the  parasite 
from  ordinar}'  treatment. 


APPLICATION  OF  REMEDIES. 

In  appl,ying  liquid  insecticides  to  hogs,  spra^'ing  and  dipping  are  the 
two  methods  generally  used.  Where  there  are  only  a  few  animals, 
the  remedy  can  be  easily  applied  with  a  brush  or  broom,  but  in  a  large 
herd  a  more  rapid  method  of  application  is  desirable. 

DIPPING. 

Dipping  the  hogs  is  obviously  the  most  thorough  method,  but  more 
expensive  on  account  of  the  labor  and  material  necessary  to  construct 
a  dipping  vat,  unless  a  large  number  are  to  be  treated.  Peters  (1902) 
describes  and  gives  the  following  instructions  for  constructing  a  dip- 
ping vat  costing  about  $25: 

12  feet  4-by-6-inch  white  pine  or  tank  lumber. 

40  feet  4-by-4-inch. 

16  feet  2-by-6-inch. 

16  feet  2-by-4-inch. 
24  feet  4-by-4-inch. 
24  feet  3-by-4-inch. 

For  the  approaches  and  dripping  platform: 

10  feet  2-by-12-inch  tank  lumber. 
100  feet  4-by-4-inch  yellow  pine. 
60  feet  2-by-6-ineh. 
114  feet  2-by-4-inch. 
162  feet  fencing. 

17  pounds  20-penny  nails. 
7  pounds  10- penny  nails. 
10  Hcjuare  feet  of  zint-. 

4  "T"  hinges,  8  inches. 

The  accompanying  illustration  (tig.  24)  gives  plans  for  constructing 
the  vat.  The  zinc  is  used  to  cover  the  incline  leading  to  the  vat,  in 
order  that  the  smooth  surface  afforded  will  prevent  the  animals  from 
halting  after  once  starting  for  the  plunge.  The  zinc  covering  is,  of 
course,  not  a  necessity,  but  it  is  veiy  convenient.  The  vat  is  placed  in 
an  excavation  in  the  ground,  and  should  project  about  6  inches  above 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  in  order  to  prevent  dirt  and  trash  from 
falling  into  the  dip. 

Most  farmers  and  stock  raisers  usually  have  a  quantity  of  waste  or 
unused  lumber  lying  about  that  may  be  utilized  in  constructing  a  dip- 
ping plant,  thus  diminishing  the  actual  cost  of  construction.  A  canvas 
curtain  hung  at  the  entrance  to  the  slide  will  facilitate  driving  the  hogs. 

29 


30 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


fc'» 


ef^;:* 


t 


h 

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K\ 

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1) 

0 

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Is         9 

do        o  5 

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*4 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOGS. 


31 


The  dripping  platform  is  constructed  of  tongued-and-grooved  lumber, 
.slants  toward  the  vat,  and  is  bordered  with  narrow  strips  along  the 
sides,  in  order  to  direct  the  liquid  back  into  the  vat.  The  platform  is 
cleated  as  shown  in  the  cut.  The  dipping  vat  should  be  placed  in 
close  proximity  to  the  pens,  and  where  a  stationary  chute  is  not  built, 
movable  panels  of  fence  will  make  transferring  the  hogs  an  easy 
matter. 

Lewis  (1902),  of  the  Oklahoma  Experiment  Station,  constructed  a 
galvanized-iron  22-gage  vat,  in  which  one-half  inch  gas  pipe  was  used 
as  a  framework.  The  entire  cost  of  such  a  vat,  with  inclined  entrance 
and  exit,  is  between  $25  and  $30. 


Fig.  25. — Plans  for  dipping  tank. 

There  are  several  makes  of  dipping  tanks  offered  on  the  market,  an}'^ 
one  of  which  will  give  satisfactory  results.  Galvanized  and  cast  iron 
tanks  of  various  sizes  cost  from  $10  to  $20. 

A  simply  constructed  portable  dipping  vat  (fig.  2.5),  u.sed  b}'^  the 
writer  for  some  experiments  in  treating  lousy  and  scabby  hogs,  is  very 
serviceable  for  dipping  moderate-sized  herds  of  hogs  and  is  also  inex- 
pensive. No  dripping  platform  was  used,  consequently  considerable 
liquid  was  wasted.  Where  there  are  more  than  40  or  50  hogs  to  be 
dipped  it  is  necessary  to  provide  a  dipping  platform  or  else  replenish 
the  liquid. 


32 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


The  following  materials  are  required  to  construct  this  vat: 

Two  1  by  12  inch  by  14  foot  hard  pine. 
One  2  by  12  inch  by  24  foot  hard  pine. 
Three  2  by  4  inch  by  12  foot  hard  pine. 
One  1  by  6  inch  by  15  foot  hard  pine. 
One  2  by  6  inch  by  12  foot  hard  pine. 
Two  pounds  20-penny  nails. 
Two  pounds  10-penny  nails. 

The  2-inch  planks  are  used  for  the  bottom  and  ends  of  the  tank,  the 
1-inch  boards  for  the  sides,  and  the  2-by-4  sticks  for  braces.  When 
matched  lumber  is  not  available,  the  boards  are  joined  at  the  edges 
as  perfectly  as  possible,  the  cracks  smeared  with  pitch,  and  calked. 
The  boards  for  the  sides  of  the  tank  are  cut  6  feet  6f  inches  long, 
clamped  together  (after  the  edges  have  been  smeared  with  pitch  and 
dowel  pins  adjusted),  and  the  proper  braces  (2  feet  7f  inches  long) 
nailed  on  each  end  one-half  inch  from  the  end,  with  the  braces  pro- 
jecting below  the  lower  edge  of  the  side, 
as  shown  in  the  cut.  The  middle  brace  is 
now  nailed  on  in  the  position  relative  to 
the  notch  in  the  bottom  made  to  receive 
it.  The  end  boards  are  similarly  joined 
and  held  together  by  temporary  braces 
tacked  on  the  outer  side. 

The  two  boards  for  the  bottom  are 
joined,  and  the  braces,  cut  just  long 
enough  to  extend  between  the  inner  mar- 
gins of  the  notches  made  to  receive  the 
side  bmces,  are  nailed  in  place.  The 
sides  are  then  set  in  the  grooves  in  the 
bottom  (using  pitch  in  the  joint),  forced 
firmly  into  position,  and  the  side  braces 
nailed  to  the  bottom  and  to  the  ends  of  the  braces  on  the  bottom. 
The  ends  are  next  firmly  fitted  in  the  grooves  in  the  bottom,  nailed 
from  the  under  side  with  20-penn3'^  nails,  and  then  nailed  to  the  sides 
and  side  braces.     The  braces  across  the  top  are  then  nailed  on. 

Three  pieces  of  2  by  6  plank  2f  feet  long,  held  together  by  cleats 
nailed  across  them,  serve  as  a  ladder  for  the  pigs  to  crawl  out  on.  The 
upper  end  is  movable  so  that  it  ma}'^  be  raised  from  position  in  order 
to  keep  the  pigs  in  the  dip  as  long  as  desired.  The  lower  end  of  the 
ladder  is  supported  6  inches  above  the  floor  of  the  tank  and  is  anchored 
down  with  a  cord  tied  to  a  staple  driven  into  the  bottom  of  the  tank. 
The  upper  end  rests  on  the  brace  across  the  top  and  is  held  from  slip- 
ping down  by  means  of  a  cleat  nailed  on  the  under  side.  The  inside 
measurements  of  the  vat  when  completed  are  6  feet  6  inches  long, 
1  foot  8  inches  wide,  2  feet  5  inches  deep,  and  holds  6f  gallons  of  fluid 
to  an  inch  of  depth.     Twenty  inches  of  fluid  is  sufficient  to  cover  a 


Fig.  26. — Simple  spraying  apparatus. 


EXTERNAL   PARASITES    OP    HOGS. 


33 


300-pound  hog.  When  using  this  vat  it  is  of  course  necessary  to 
increase  the  height  of  the  sides  by  a  temporary  construction  and  to 
construct  a  chute  leading  to  the  vat.  The  vat  should  be  sunk  into  the 
ground  a  depth  of  2  feet,  thus  saving  the  trouble  of  having  to  force 
the  pigs  up  an  inclined  plane.  It  is  most  convenient  to  set  the  vat  in 
front  of  a  door  to  a  hog  house,  sink  it  into  the  ground  till  the  top  is 
level  with  or  a  little  below  the  floor  of  the  house,  and  then  build  a 
barricade  from  the  door  along  the  sides  of  the  vat. 

SPRAYING. 

When  the  necessarj^  apparatus  is  provided,  dipping  the  hogs  is  the 
most  convenient  and  rapid  method  of  applying  insecticides.     Experi- 


FiG.  27. — Simple  spraying  apparatus. 


ments,  however,  have  proved  that  spraying  liquids  over  animals  is 
equally  effective  if  thoroughly  performed.  A  force  pump  is  fitted 
with  a  hose  of  sufficient  length  to  permit  freedom  of  motion  to  the 
operator.     A  spray  nozzle  is  attached  to  the  end  of  the  hose,  or,  as  has 


Fig.  28.— Simple  si)ra.ving  apparatu.i. 

been  done  in  the  absence  of  a  suitable  nozzle,  the  end  of  the  hose  is 
simply  compres.-ied  between  the  thumb  and  forefinger,  making  a  fan- 
like spray  that  can  be  readily  directed  in  any  quarter.  Any  outfit  for 
spraying  trees  is  likely  to  contain  nozzles  that  can  be  adapted  to  spray- 
ing liquids  over  animals.     For  those  who  do  not  possess  a  spraying 


34 


BUREACr    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


apparatus,  and  do  not  care  to  purchase  the  more  expensive  outfits,  one 
of  the  cheaper  pumps  put  out  by  firms  handling  such  goods  will  serve 
the  purpose  very  well. 

Tlie  illustrations  of  spraying  outfits  given  (figs.  26-28)  represent  the 

character  of  some  of  the  less  expensive  ones  offered  for  sale.     There 

should  be  considerable  force  to  the  jet  of  fluid,  and  the  spray  must 

not  be  too  finely  divided,  otherwise  the  liquid  will  not  penetrate 

between  the  hair  and  thoroughly  wet  the  skin, 

,, *'_^  as  it  must  do  to  be  effective. 

A  method  of  applying  kerosene  to  hogs  that 
is  as  simple  as  it  is  ingenious  was  employed  by 
Moore  (1891)  and  Riedel  (1891).  A  6  by  6  inch 
oak  post  is  set  firmly  in  the  ground  (fig.  29).  A 
2-inch  hole  is  bored  12  inches  into  the  top  of  the 
post.  A  li-inch  hole  is  bored  from  each  side  of 
the  post  to  open  into  the  bottom  of  the  larger 
hole.  Soft-pine  plugs  are  driven  into  the  small 
holes  and  burlap  or  old  cloth  is  wrapped  around 
the  post,  covering  the  pine  plugs,  and  bound 
down  with  wire.  The  hole  in  the  top  of  the  post 
is  then  filled  with  kerosene.  In  a  short  time  the 
rags  become  saturated  with  the  kerosene  perco- 
lating through  the  pine  plugs.  Two  quarts  of 
oil  daily  are  required  the  first  three  or  four  days 
and  afterwards  1  quart  a  week.  Riedel  remarks  that  "every  hog 
wanted  to  be  first  at  the  post,"  and  that  the  lice  in  the  herd  soon 
disappeared.  A  platform  should  be  built  around  the  post  in  order 
that  the  hogs  will  not  dig  a  mud  wallow  about  its  base. 

Byrn  (1890)  devised  a  "wholesale  method  of  ridding  a  herd  of  lice" 
by  digging  a  basin,  or  wallow,  in  the  j^ard,  pouring  in  water  and 
throwing  in  a  small  quantitj'  of  kerosene.  He  states  that  the  pigs 
frequented  this  place  and  the  lice  soon  disappeared. 


Fig.  29. — Sectional  view  of 
post  with  holes  bored  from 
top  and  sides. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

[The  references  maybe  consulted  at  the  Governmental  libraries  in  Washington,  D.  C,  as  designated: 
W»=Library  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  W<'=Library  of  Congress.  W'°= 
Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office.    W'=Library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.! 

Blanchakd,  Raphael  Anatole  Emile. 

1890a. — Traits  de  zoologie  m^dicale.  v.  2:  Vers  (N^mathelminthes  (suite), 
gephyriens,  bryozoaires,  brachiopodes,  ann^lides),  moUusques,  arthro- 
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Blanchon,  H.  L.  Alph. 

1899. — L'art  de  d^truire  les  animaux  nuisibles.  v+xii+292  pp.,  112  figs.  12°. 
Paris.     [W^] 

Borner,  Carl. 

1904.— Zur  Systematik  der  Hexapoden  <Zool.  Anz.,  Leipz.,  v.  27  (16-17),  3. 
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Bos,  J  [an]  Ritzema. 

1891a. — Tierische  Schiidlinge  und  Niitzlinge  fiir  Ackerbau,  Viehzucht,  Wald-  u. 
Gartenbau;  Lebensformen,  Vorkommen,  Einfluss  und  die  Massregeln 
zu  Vertilgung und  Schotz.     xvi+876pp.,  477figs.    8°.    Berlin.    [W».] 

1892.— Zoologie  fur  Land wirte.     viii+182  pp.,  149  figs.     12°.     Berlin.     [W^] 

Bowles,  John  S. 

1873. — Vermin  on  animals  <Cultivator  and  Country  Gentleman,  Albany,  v.  38, 
Mar.  20,  p.  186.     [W\] 

Brandt,  Ed.  K. 

1890. — Jivotyne  parazity  domaschuich  mlekopitajouschich  i  ptitz.  [Parasites  of 
domestic  animals.]  11+442+ viii  pp.,  402  figs.  8°.  St.  Petersburg. 
[W™.] 

Brewster,  T.  J. 

1894. — Road  du.st  against  swine  lice.  [Extract  from  letter]  -^Insect  Life,  AVaKh. 
(1893-94),  V.  6  (3),  Feb.,  p.  270.     [W\] 

Brocchi,  Paul. 

1886a. — Traite  de  zoologie  agricole  comprenant  des  elements  de  pisciculture, 
d'apiculture,  de  s^riciculture,  d' ostreiculture,  etc.  viii+984  pp.,  608 
figs.     8°.     Paris.     [W".] 

Brown,  G.  T. 

1895. — Animals  of  the  farm  in  health  and  disease.  3.  ed.,  72  pp.,  52  figs.  8°. 
London.     [W\] 

Bruhl. 

1871. — Zur  feineren  Anatomic  der  am  Menschen  schmarotzenden  Liiuse  <^Wien. 
med.  Wchnschr.,  v.  21  (20),  20.  Mai,  pp.  475-479;  (21),  27.  Mai,  pp. 
502-505,  1  fig.     [W™.] 

Burgess,  W.  B. 

1897. — Bad  case  of  lice.  [Letter  to  editor]  <'Am.  Swineherd,  Chicago,  v.  14  (8) , 
Aug.,  p.  30.     [Reply  by  A.  T.  Peters,  p.  30.]     [W\] 

BURMEISTER,   HERMANN. 

1838. — Genera  insectorum  iconibus  illustravit  et  descripsit.  v.  1,  Heft  1-10. 
Rhynchota.     [130]  pp.,  40  pl.«.     8°.     Beriin.     [W».] 

1847. — Ueber  die  Mundbildung  von  Pedi(!ulus  <Linn.  Entomol.,  Berl.,  v.  2, 
pp.  569-584,  pi.  L  figs-  1-10.     [W\] 

35 


36  BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

Byrn,  T.  C. 

1890. — Destroying  lice.  [Letter  to  editor]  <We8t.  Swineherd,  Geneseo,  v.  3  (7), 
July,  p.  10.     [W\] 

Canestrini,  Giovanni. 

1894. — Prospetto  dell'  acarofauna  italiana.  Pt.  6.  Famiglia  dei  Psoroptidi  (Pso- 
roptidje).  Appendice  ai  Fitoptidi  italiani.  Varia:  Psorergates,  Hemi- 
sarcoptes,  Histiogaster,  Psoroptes  ovis,  Otodedes  furonis,  gli  epidermoptini. 
pp.  723-833,  pis.  60-77.     8°.     Padova.     [W^] 

CoBBOLD,  Thomas  Spencer. 

1879b. — Parasites;  a  treatise  on  the  entozoa  of  man  and  animals,  including  some 
account  of  the  ectozoa.     xi +508  pp.,  85  figs.    8°.    London.     [W*.] 
COBURN,  F.  D. 

1888. — Swine  husbandry.  A  practical  manual  for  the  breeding,  rearing,  and 
management  of  swine  and  the  prevention  and  treatment  of  their  dis- 
eases.    311pp.,  15  figs.     8°.     New  York.     [W^] 

1903. — Idem.  New,  revised,  and  enlarged  ed.  311  pp.,  15  figs.  8°.  New 
York.     [W".] 

CoMSTocK,  John  Henry;  and  Comstock,  Anna  Botsfokd. 

1895a. — A  manual  for  the  study  of  insects,  x  +  701  |jp.,  797  figs.,  H  pis.  8°. 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.     [W^] 

CoURTENAY,  EdWARD. 

1902. — Manual  for  the  practice  of  veterinary  medicine.     2.  ed.,  revised  by  Fred- 
erick T.  G.  Hobday.     x4  573  pp.     8°.     London.     [W».] 
Craig,  K.  A. ;  and  Bitting,  Arvill  W. 

1904. — Diseases    of    swine    <Bull.  100,  Purdue  Univ.  Agric.    Exper.  Station, 
Lafayette,  v.  12,  Sept.,  pp.  71-204,  figs.     [W».] 
Craig,  R.  A. 

1904.— Parasites  in  swine  <Breeder'8  Gaz.,  Chicago  (1200),  v.  46  (21),  Nov.  23, 
pp.  947-948,  5  figs.     [VV\] 

CSOKOR,  JOHANN. 

1879a. — Die  Haarsackmill:)en  des  Schweines,  Demodex  phylloides,  eine  neue  Vari- 
etiit  <Oesterr.  Vrtljschr.  f.  wissensch.  Veteriniirk.,  Wien,  v.  51  (2), 
pp.  133-185,  pi.  2,  figs.  1-12..   [W".] 

1880a. — Ueber  Haarsackmilben  und  eine  neue  Varietiit  derselben  bei  Schweinen, 
Demodex  phylloides.  [Csokor,  1879a,  with  slight  additions]  <r'Ver- 
handl.  d.  k.k.  zool.-bot.  Gesellsch.  in  Wien  (1879),  v.  29,  pp.  419-450, 
pi.  8,  figs.  1-12.     [W\] 

CuviER,  G[eorges-Leopold-Chretien-Frederic-Dagobert] . 

[?]. — Le  regne  animal  distribue  d'apres  son  organisation,  pour  servir  de  base 
a  I'histoire  naturelle  des  animaux,  et  d' introduction  a  I'anatomie 
comparee.  Edition  accompagnee  de  planches  gravies  repr^sentant 
les  types  de  tons  les  genres,  les  caracteres  distinctifs  des  divers 
groupes  et  les  modifications  de  structure  sur  lesquelles  repose  cette 
classification  par  une  reunion  de  disciples  de  Cuvier,  MM.  Audouin, 
Blanchard,  Deshayes,  Alcide  D'Orbigny,  Doyere,  Duges,  Duvernoy, 
Laurillard,  Milne- Edwards,  Roulin  et  Valenciennes.  [Les  insectes.] 
xii-t-2-557pp.,  78  1.,  75pl8.     4°.     Paris.     [W'».] 

1817a. — Le  regne  animal  distribue  d'apres  son  organisation,  pour  servir  de  base  a 
I'histoire  naturelle  des  animaux  et  d' introduction  a  I'anatomie  com- 
paree.    V.  4,  viii+255  pp.,  15  pis.     12°.     Paris.     [W".] 

1851. — The  animal  kingdom,  arranged  after  its  organisation,  forming  a  natural 
history  of  animals  and  an  introduction  to  comparative  anatomy,  by  the 
late  Baron  Georges  Cuvier,  Councillor  of  France,  and  minister  of  public 
instruction.  Translated  and  adapted  to  the  present  state  of  science. 
The  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles  by  Edward  Blythe.  The  fishes  and 
radiata  by  Robert  Mudie.  The  molluscous  animals  by  George  Johnston. 
The  articulated  animals  by  J.  O.  Westwood.  A  new  edition,  with  addi- 
tions by  W.  B.  Carpenter  and  J.  O.  Westwood.     4°.     Ijondon.     [W*.] 

Delapond,  Henri-Mamert  Onesius;  and  Bourgiignon,  H[onore]. 

1862a. — Traite  pratique  d'entomologie  et  de  pathologie  compar^es  de  la  psore  on 
gale  de  I'homme  et  des  animaux  domestiques  <Mem.  math,  et  phys. 
divers  sav.  Acad.  d.  sc,  Par.,  v.  16,  pp.  277-922,  pis.  1-7.     [W<=.J 


EXTEENAL   PARASITES    OF   HOGS.  37 

Denny,  Henry. 

1842a. — Monographia  anoplurorum  brittaniee;  or  an  essay  on  the  British  species 
of  parasitic,  insects  belonging  to  the  order  Anoplura  of  Leach,  with 
the  modern  divisions  of  the  genera  according  to  the  views  of  Leach, 
Nitzsch,  and  Burineister,  with  highly  magnified  figures  of  each  species. 
xxiv+262  pp.,  1  1.,  26  pis.     8°.     London.     [W%  W".] 

1852. — List  of  the  specimens  of  British  insects  in  the  collection  of  the  British 
Museum.  Pt.  11,  Anoplura,  or  parasitic  insects.  2  1.,  51  pp.  12°. 
London.     [W^] 

DiNWIDDIE,  E.   R. 

1892. — Parasitism  of  domesticated  animals  <Bull.  20,  Ark.  Agric.  Exper.  Station, 
Little  Rock,  Nov.,  pp.  3-14.     [W\] 

Dodge,  J.  R. 

1869. — Extracts  from  correspondents.  Diseases  of  hogs,  etc.  Worms  and  lice 
^''Monthly.  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  Wash.,  Mar.-Apr.,  pp.  125-127. 
[W«.] 

EnDERLEIN,  GtJNTHER. 

1904. — Lause-Studien.  Tiber  die  Morphologie,  Klassifikation  und  systematische 
Stellung  der  Anopluren  nebst  Bemerkungen  zur  Systematik  der  Insek- 
tenordnungen<Zool.  Anz.,  Leipz.,  v.  28  (4),  7.  Oct.,  pp.  121-147,  figs. 
1-15.     [W%  W"',  W".] 

Erichson,  W. 

1839.— Insecten< Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.  (1838),  5.  J.  v.  2,  pp.  281-375.     [W.] 

Fabkicuis,  Johannes  Christianus. 

1805a. — Systema  antliatorum,  secundum  ordines,  genera,  species  adjectis  syno- 
nymis,  locis,  observationibus,  descriptionibus.  xiv+15-372+30  pp. 
12°.     Brunsvig;e.     [W\] 

Franceschini,  Felice. 

1891.— Gli  insetti  nocivi.     viii+263  pp.,  95  figs.,  1  pi.     24°.     Milano.     [W^] 

Francis,  Mark. 

1894a. — Veterinary  science<Bull.  30,  Texas  Agric.  Exper.  '  Station,  Temple, 
Mar.,  pp.  439-458,  pis.  1-3.     [W".] 

Friedberger,  Franz;  &  Froehner,  Eugen. 

1885-6a. — Lehrbuch  der  speciellen  Pathologie  und  Therapie  der  Hausthiere  fi'ir 
Thieriirzte,  Aerzte  und  Studirende.  v.  1,  x4-640  pp.  8°.  Stutt- 
gart.    [W».] 

1895b. — Pathology  and  therapeutics  of  the  domestic  animals.  Translated  from 
the  most  recent  edition,  with  annotations  by  W.  L.  Zuill,  together 
with  selections  from  notes  of  the  French  translators  and  also  from 
those  of  Trasbot.     v.  1,  xiii+17-598  pp.     8°.     Philadelphia.     [W".] 

Galli-Valerio,  Bruno. 

1896a. — Manuale  di  parassitologia  in  tavole  sinottische  (vermi  e  antropodi 
dell'  uomo  e  degli  animali  domestici).  xiv  |-125  pp.,  1  table.  12°. 
Milano.     [W".] 

1901. — La  collection  de  parasites  du  laboratoire  d'hygiene  et  de  ])arasitologie  de 
I'Universite  de  Lausanne  -CBull.  Soc.  vaudoise  d.  sc.  nat.,  Lausanne, 
4.  s.  (140),  V.  37,  juin,  pp.  343-381.     [W".] 

Gerlacu,  Andreas  Christian. 

1857a. — Kriitze  und  Riiude,  entomologisch  und  klinisch  bearbeitet.  1  i>.  1.,  178 
pp.,  8  pis.,  figs.  1-44.     8°.     Berlin.     [W%  W'".] 

Gersstakckek,  Adoli'h. 

1863a. — Arthropoden.  (/n  Peters;  Carus;  and  (ierstaecker:  Ilandbuch  der  Zoo- 
logie.     8°.     Leipzig,     v.  2,  pp.  1-421.)     [\V^] 

Gerstkei.dt,  (t. 

(1853). — Ueber  die  Mundtheile  der  saugenden  Insekten;  ein  Beitrag  zur  ver- 

gleichenden  Anatoniie.     121  pp.,  2  pis.     8°.     Mitau  <k  Leipzig. 
1854, — Idem.     [Abstract  bv  Gerstaecker]  <Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.,  20.  J.,  v.  2, 
pp.  190-191.     [Wl] 


38  BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

Gervais,  Paul;  and  Van  Beneden,  Pierre  Joseph. 

185&a. — Zoologie  medicale.  Expose  m^thodique  du  r^gne  arimal,  bas^  sur 
I'anatomie,  I'embryog^nie  et  la  pal^ontologie;  comprenant  la  descrip- 
tion des  espfices  employees  en  m^decine,  de  celles  qui  sont  veni- 
meuses  et  de  celles  qui  sont  parasites  de  I'homme  et  des  animaux. 
V.  1,  xiii+504  pp.,  figs.  1-97.     8°.     Paris.     [W™,  W.] 

GiBBEL,  Christopher  Gottfried  Andreas. 

1874a. — Insecta  epizoa.  Die  auf  Siiugethiere  und  Vogeln  schmarotzenden 
Insecten,  nach  Chr.  L.  Nitzsch's  Nachlass.  xiv+308  pp.,  20  pis.  fol. 
Leipzig.     [W*.] 

Gillette,  Clarence  P. 

1889a. — Important  injurious  insects  <Bull.  5,  Iowa  Agric.  Exper.  Station,  Des 
Moines,  May,  pp.  161-186,  figs.  1-16.     [W».] 

1889b. — The  hog  louse  <Bull.  7,  Iowa  Agric.  Exper.  Station,  Des  Moines,  Nov., 
pp.,  286-289,  fig.  26.     [W\] 

1890a. — Idem.  [Abstract]  <Orange  Judd  Farmer,  Chicago,  v.  7  (3),  Jan.  18, 
p.  47,  figs.  a-d.     [W\] 

1890b. — Cause  of  hog  lice  <Orange  Judd  Farmer,  Chicago,  v.  7  (4),  Jan.  25, 
p.  63.     [W^] 

1890c. — Kerosene  emulsion  as  a  sheep  dip  and  as  a  destroyer  of  parasites  upon 
domestic  animals  <Bull.  11,  Iowa  Agric.  Exper.  Station,  Des  Moines, 
Nov.,  pp.  495-498.     [W^] 

1898.— The  hog  louse  [Abstract  of  Gillette,  1889  b]  <Quart.  Rep.  Kans.  State 
Bd.  Agric,  pp.  204-206,  4  figs.     8°.     Topeka.     [W\] 

1902a. — Insects  and  insecticides  <Bull.  71,  Col.  Agric.  Exper.  Station,  Fort  Col- 
lins, Apr.,  pp.  1-40,  figs.  1-27,  4  pis.     [W^] 

GOFF,  E.  S. 

1892. — Work  in  economic  entomology  <8  Ann.  Rep.  Wis.  Agric.  Exper.  Station, 
Madison,  pp.  162-175,  figs.  16-21.     [W».] 

Goureau,  Ch. 

1866. — Les  insectes  nuisibles  a  I'homme,  aux  animaux  et  a  I'economie  domes- 
tiques.     258  pp.     8°.     Paris.     [W".] 

Griffith,  John  William;  and  Henfry,  Arthur. 

1883a. — The  micrographic  dictionary;  a  guide  to  the  examination  and  investi- 
gation of  the  structure  and  nature  of  microscopic  objects.  4.  ed., 
edited  by  J.  W.  Griffith,  assisted  by  M.  J.  Berkeley  and  T.  Rupert 
Jones,     xl vi+ 829  pp.,  812  figs.,  53  pis.,  53  1.     8°.     London.     [W"'.] 

Grube,  Adolph  Eduard. 

1854. — Einiges  iiber  die  Mundtheile  des  Siiugenden  Insecten.  Resultate  aua 
Gerstfeldt's  [1853]  Abhandlung  iiber  diesen  Gegenstand  <Arch.  f. 
Naturg.,  Beri.,  20.  J.,  v.  1,  pp.  242-246.     [MS.  dated  20.  Feb.]     [W^] 

GuENAUx,  Georges. 

1904. — Entomologie  et  parasitologie  agricoles.  Introduction  par  P.  Regnard. 
xii+588pp.,  390figs.  12°.  Paris.  ( Encyclopedic  agricole,  G.  Wery. ) 
[W«.] 

Gurlt,  E;[rn8t]  F[riedrich]. 

1842a. — Ueber  die  auf  den  Haus-Siiugethieren  und  Haus-Vogeln  lebenden 
Schmarotzer-Insekten  und  Arachniden  <Mag.  f.  d.  ges.  Thierh.,  Berl., 
V.  8  (4),  pp.  409-433,  pi.  4,  figs.  1-15.     [W».] 

1843b.— Idem  [continued]  <Ibidem,  v.  9  (1),  pp.  1-24,  1  pL,  figs.  1-18.     [W-.] 

1857a. — Verzeichniss  der  Thiere  auf  welchen  Schmarotzer-Insekten  leben.  Mit 
Hinzufiigungen  von  Schilling  <Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.,  23.  J.,  v.  1, 
pp.  276-311.     [W^] 

1878. — Neues  Verzeichni&s  der  Thiere,  auf  welchen  Schmarotzer-Insecten  leben, 
mit  Hinzufiigungen  von  Schilling  <Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.,  44.  J.,  v.  1, 
pp.  162-210.     [W».] 

Harz,  O. 

1890. — Parasiten  <Encycl.  d.  ges.  Thierh.  u.  Thierzucht  (Koch),  Wien  u. 
Leipz.,  V.  7,  pp.  485-489.     [W*.] 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOGS.  39 

HuRTREL  d'Arboval,  [Louis-Henri-Joseph]. 

1875b. — Dictionnaire  de  medecine  et  de  chirurgie  et  d'hygiene  veterinaire.  Edi- 
tion entierement  refondue  et  augmentee  de  I'expose  des  faits  nouveaux 
observes  par  les  plus  celebres  praticiens  fran^ais  et  Strangers  par 
A.  Zundel.     v.  2,  G-Pa,  971  pp.,  figs.  411-1115.    8°.     [W».] 

Janes,  T.  R. 

1877.— A  manual  on  the  hog.     100+iv  pp.,  figs.     8°.     Atlanta.     [W\] 

Jarvis,  G.  V.  S. 

1904a. — Report  on  pig  disease  in  theUnitali  District,  at  present  known  as  "por- 
cine malaria"  <Rhodesian   Agric.   J.,  Salisbury,  v.  1  (6),  June,  pp. 
176-177.     [W^] 
Kent,  D.  A. 

1893. — Sanitation  of  the  hog  yard.     [Paper  read  before  Am.  Poland-China  Record 
Ass.,  Jan.]  <Swine  Breeder's  J.,  Indianapolis,  v.  13  (6),  Mar.  15,  pp. 
89-90.     tW^] 
Kekx,  E.  H. 

1894. — Kerosene  and  animal  parasites.  [Extract  of  letter  dated  Dec.  30,  1893] 
<Insect  Life,  Wash.  (1893-94),  v.  6  (3),  Feb.,  p.  270.     [W^] 

Khoi.odkovsky,  N. 

1903. — Zur  Morphologie  der  Pediculiden  <Zool.  Anz.,  I^ipz.,  v.  27  (4),  8.  Dec, 
pp.  120-125,  figs.  1-6.     [W%  W"',  W.] 
Knob,  P.  G. 

1903.— Dip  for  lice  <Breeder's  Gaz.,  Chicago  (1146),  v.  44  (20),  Nov.  11,  p.  828. 
[W.] 

KOCOUREK,  J. 

1865a. — Kriitze  der  Schweine.  {In  his  Mittheilungen  aus  der  Praxis)  <Oesterr. 
Vrtljschr.  f.  wissensch.  Veterinark.,  Wien,  v.  23  ( 1 ),  pp.  32-33.     [W'".] 

Landois,  Leonard. 

(1864). — Untersuchungen  iiber  die  auf  dem  Menschen  schmarotzenden  Pedicu- 
liden <<Ztschr.  f.  wissensch.  Zool.,  Leipz.,  v.  14  (1),  pp.  1-26. 

(1865).— Idem  [continued]  <lbidem,  v.  15  (1),  pp.  32-55. 

1865.— Idem  [continued]  <Ibidem,  v.  15  (4),  pp.  494-503,  pi.  38,  figs.  1-5. 
[Published  25.  Oct.]     [W^] 

1865. — Recherches  sur  I'anatoniie  du  Plithirus  inguinalls  Redi  (Pediculua  pubis 
Linne).  [Review  of  Landois,  1864]  <J.  d'anat.  et  de  phys..  Par.,  v.  2, 
pp.  334-336.     [W".] 

PE  Lanessan,  J.  L. 

1882.— Manuel  d'histoire  naturelle  mcdicale.  pt.  3,  782  pp.,  523  figs.  12°. 
Paris.     [W.] 

Latreille,  Pierre  Andre. 

1810. — Considerations  g(5nerales  sur  I'ordre  naturel  des  animaux  composant  les 
classes  des  crnstaces,  <les  arachnides,  et  des  intJects:  avec  un  tableau 
m6tho<lique  de  leurs  genres  disposes  en  families.     444  pp.     8°.     Paris. 
[W\] 
Law,  James. 

1877. — The  farmer's  veterinary  adviser;  a  guide  to  tlie  prevention  and  treatment 
of  disease  in  domestic   ajiimals.      v  pj).,    1   1.,  426  pp.,  72  figs.      12° 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.     [W».] 

1903. — Text-l)ook  of  veterinarv  medicine,  v.  5.  Parasites,  iKirasitisiiis,  etc. 
532  pp.     8°.     Ithaca,  N.Y.     [W».] 

Leach,  William  Elford. 

1817. — The  zoological  miscellanv;  being  descriptions  of  new  or  interesting  ani- 
mals.    V.  3,  vi  i  151  pp',  pis.  121-149.     8°.     London.     [\V%  W".] 
Lewis,  L.  L. 

1902. — Common  ])arasites  of  domestic  animals  ^Bnll.  53,  Okla.  Agric.  Exj)er. 
Station,  .Stillwater,  June,  i)p.  1-24,  figs.  1-U.     [W".] 

LiNN.'Ers,  Carolinus. 

1758. — Systema  naturae  per  regna  tria  natune,  secundum  classes,  ordines,  genera, 
species,  cum  characterilms,  differentiis,  svnonymis,  Idcis.  10.  eil.,  v.  I. 
2p.  1.,  824-f  iiipp.     8°.     Hoimise.     [W'!] 


40  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

LiNN^xTs,  Carolints — Continued. 

1789.— Entomologia,  faunae  suecia  descriptionibus  aucta;  D.  D.  Scapoli,  Fabricii, 
Schrank,  etc.,  speciebus  vel  in  systemate  non  enumeratis,  vel  nuperrime 
detectis,  vel  speciebus  gallipe  australis  locupletata,  generum  specie- 
rumque  rariorum  iconibus  ornata.  v.  4,  ccxiii4-556  pp.,  table  11,  pi.  11. 
8°.     Lugduni.     [W^] 

LiNTNER,  J.  A. 

1883. — First  annual  report  on  the  injurious  insects  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Made  to  the  State  legislature  pursuant  to  chapter  377  of  the  laws  of 
1881.     xii+381  pp.,  1  1.,  84figs.     8°.     Albany.     [W".] 

LuDWiG,  Herbert. 

1886. — Dr.  Johannes  Leunis  Synopsis  der  Thierkunde.  Ein  Handbuch  f  iir  hohere 
Lehranstalten  und  fiir  alle  welche  sich  wissenschaftlich  mit  der  Natur- 
geschichte  der  Thiere  beschiiftigen  wollen.  Dritte  giinzlich  umgear- 
beitete,  mit  vielen  Hundert  Holzschnitten  vermehrte  Aufl.  v.  2, 
xvi+1230  pj).,  1160  figs.  8°.  Hannover.  (Dr.  Johannes  Leunis 
Synopsis  der  drei  Naturreiche.     Erster  Theil.  Zoologie. )     [W^] 

Lugger,  Otto. 

1896. — Parasites  of  man  and  the  domesticated  animals  <Bull.  48,  Minn.  Agric. 
Exper.  Station,  St.  Anthonv  Park,  Dec,  pp.  72-256,  figs.  24-187,  pis. 
6-13.     [AV«.] 

1896. — Idem  <Ann.  Rep.  Minn.  Agric.  Exper.  Station,  Delano,  pp.  72-256,  figs. 
24-187,  pis.  1-13.     [W».] 

MacDougal,  R.  Stuart. 

1899. — Insect  pests  of  domesticated  animals  <Tt.  Highland  &  Agric.  Soc.  Scot- 
land, Edinb.,  5.  s.,  v.  11,  pp.  162-204,  figs.  42-64.     [W".] 

McCarthy,  Gerald. 

1896. — Parasites  of  domestic  animals  <Bull.  127,  N.  Carolina  Agric.  Exper.  Sta- 
tion, Raleigh,  May  15,  pp.  97-142,  figs.  1-13.     [W\] 
McIntosh. 

1896. — Hog  lice  remedies.  [Editorial  review]  <Am.  Swineherd,  Chicago,  v.  13 
(8),  Aug.,  p.  13.     [W».] 

Megnin,  Pierre. 

1880. — Les  parasites  et  les  maladies  parasitaires  chez  I'homme,  les  animaux 
domestiques  et  les  animaux  sauvages  avec  lesquels  ils  peuvent  etre  en 
contact,  insects,  arachnides,  Crustacea.  3  1.,  478  pp.,  2  1.,  figs.  1-63,  26 
pis.     8°.     Paris.     [W^] 

1895. — Les  parasites  articul^s  chez  I'homme  et  les  animaux  utiles  (maladies  qu'ils 
occasionnent).     510  pp. ,  91  figs. ,  atlas,  26  pis.     8°.     Pari^.     [W'".] 
Moore,  A.  C. 

1891. — Lice  and  worms  <Am.  Swineherd,  Chicago,  v.  8  (2),  Feb.,  p.  16.     [W\] 

Mouffettus,  Thomas. 

1634. — Insectorum  sive  minimoruiu  animalium  theatrum.  326  pp.,  figs.  fol. 
Londini.     [W*.] 

Mueller,  Otto  Friedrich. 

1764. — Fauna  insectorum  Fridrichsdalina  sive  methodica  descriptio  insectorum 
^ri  Fridrichsdalensis  cum  characteribus  genericis  et  specificis,  nomini- 
bus  trivialibus,  locis  natalibus,  iconibus  allegatis  novisque  pluribus 
speciebus  additis.     xxiv+96  pp.     8°.     Hafnise  &  Lipsiaj.     [W".] 
MCller. 

1864. — Kriitze  bei  Maskenschweinen  <Oesterr.  vrtljschr.  f.  wLssensch.  Veteri- 
niirk.,  Wien,  v.  22  (1),  pp.  86-88,  1  pi.,  figs.  a-c.     [W™.] 

Murray,  Andrew. 

[1877]. — Economic  entomology.  Aptera.  xxiii+433  pp.,  figs.  12°.  London. 
[W».] 

Neumann,  Louis  Georg. 

1888. — Traite  des  maladies  parasitaires  non  microV)iennes  des  animaux  domes- 
tiques.    xv+673  pp.,  306  figs.     8°.     Paris.     [W».] 

1892.— A  treatise  on  the  parasitic  diseases  of  the  domesticated  animals,  translated 
and  edited  bv  George  Flemming.  xxiii+800  pp.,  figs.  8°.  London. 
[W».] 


EXTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  HOOS.  41 

NiLES,  E.  C. 

1900. — Animal  parasites  <Bull.  108,  Virginia  Agric.  Exper.  Station,  Blacksburg, 
n.  s.,  V.  9  (5),  pt.  5,  May,  pp.  51-68,  figs.  14-27.     [\V\] 

NiTzscH,  Christian  Ludwig. 

1818. — Die  Famiiien  und  Gattungen  der  Thierinsekten  (Insecta  epizoica)  als 
Prodromus  einer  Naturgeschichte  derselben  <Mag.  d.  Entom.,  Halle, 
V.  3,  pp.  261-316.     [W\] 

1851. — Anleitnng  zur  Beobachtung  von  Thierinsekten  <Jahresb.  d.  natur- 
wissensch.  Vereins,  Halle,  v.  4,  pp.  113-135.     [W".] 

DE  Olfers,  J.  Fr.  M. 

1816. — De  vegetativis  et  animatis  corporibus  in  corporibus  animatis  reperiundis 
commentarius.    vi+112pp.,  1 1.,  1  pi.,  figs.  1-20.    8°.    Berolini.    [W".] 

Oliver,  Ed.  L. 

1896. — Those  lousy  hogs.  [Letter  to  editor]  <West.  Swine  Breeder,  Lincoln, 
V.  3  (4),  Apr.,  p.  3.     [W='.] 

OsBORN,  Herbert. 

1891. — The  Pediculi  and  Mallophaga  affecting  man  and  the  lower  animals 
'':Bu11.  7,  Div.  Entom.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  Wash.,  56pp.,  42  figs.    [W\] 

1891. — Origin  and  development  of  the  parasitic  habit  in  Mallophaga  and  Pedi- 
culidae.  [Read  before  3.  Ann.  Meeting,  Ass.  Economic  Entom., 
Aug.]  <InsectLife,  Wash.  (1891-92),  v.  4  (5-6),  Dec,  pp.  187-191. 
[W«.] 

1892. — Lice  affecting  domestic  animals  <Bull.  16,  Iowa  Agric.  Exper.  Station, 
Des  Moines,  Feb.,  pp.  330-353,  1  fig.,  2  pis.,  figs.  1-14.     [W".] 

1892.— Idem  <Am.   Vet.    Rev.,  N.    Y.,  v.   16,  July,   pp.   196-211;    Aug.,   pp. 
268-275,  1  fig.,  pis.  1-2,  figs.  1-14.     [W".] 

1894. — Methods  of  attacking  parasites  of  domestic  animals.  [Read  before  5. 
Ann.  Meeting,  Ass.  Economic  Entom.,  Aug.  16]  -^Insect  I^ife,  Wasii. 
(1893-94),  v.  6  (3),  Feb.,  pp.  163-166.     [W\] 

1894. — Methods  of  attacking  parasites  of  domestic  animals  <'24.  Ann.  Rep. 
Entom.  Soc.  Ontario,  Toronto  (1893),  pp.  96-98.     [W\] 

1896. — Insects  affecting  domestic  animals:  An  account  of  the  species  of  impor- 
tance in  North  America,  with  mention  of  related  forms  occurring  on 
other  animals  <''Bull.  5,  n.  s.,  Div.  Entom.,  [I.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  Wash., 
302  pj).,  figs.  1-170.     [W«.] 

1897. — Idem.  [Reviewed]  <Rural  (^alifornian,  Los  Angeles,  v.  20  (2),  Feb., 
p.  63.     [W«.]- 

Pack.\rd,  Alpheus  Spring. 

1873. — Our  common  insec;ts.^  A  popular  account  of  the  insects  of  our  fields, 
forests,  gardens,  ami  houses.  viii+ii+xvi~l  17-225  pp.,  268  figs.  8°. 
Salem.     [W\] 

1888. — Entomology  for  beginners,  for  the  use  of  young  folks,  fruit  growers, 
farmers,  and  gardeneix.  xvi  f  367  pp.,  273  figs.  16°.  New  York. 
[W.] 

Panzer,  Georg  Wolfgang  Frantz. 

[1798]. — Faunu!  insectorum  germanice  initia,  oder  Deutschlands  In.secten. 
Heft  [5],  pi.  16.     24°.     Nurnl)erg,     [W\] 

PlAGET,   EnOtARD. 

1880. — Les  p^dicilines.  Essai  monographi(|ue.  pt.  1,  xxxix  j  714  pp.;  pt.  2,  56 
pis.     fol.     Leide.     [W".] 

1885.— Idem.     Supplement,     ix  +  162  j.p.,  17  pis.     fol.     Leide.     [W^] 

Perroncito,  Editardo. 

1882. — I  parassita  dell'  uomo  degli  animali  utili  della  piu  comuni  malattie  da  e.«si 
prodotti  profilassi  e  cura  relativa.  xii-|  506  pp.,  233  figs.,  14  pis.  8°. 
Milauo.     [W".] 

1886. — Trattato  teorico-pratico  sullo  malattie  piu  comuni  degli  animali  domestici 
dal  punto  di  vista  agricolo,  comiiierciale  ed  igienico  metodi  sui  migliori 
metode  di  disiufe/,if)iu'  dci  vagoni.  xxiv-f  434  pp.,  220  figs.,  [1  pi.], 
figs  1^.     8°.     Torino.     [W".] 


42  BUREAU   OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTET. 

l^KRRONCiTO,  Eduardo — Continued. 

1901.— I  parassiti  dell'umo  e  degli  animali  utili  e  le  piA  comuni  malattie  da  essl 
prodotti  profilassi  e  cura  relativa.  632  pp.,  276  figs.,  20  pis.  8°. 
Milano.     [W.] 

Peters,  A.  T. 

1902. — Mange  in  catttle  and  horses  and  lice  on  hogs.  <^Bull.  74,  Nebr.  Agric. 
Exper.  Station,  Lincoln,  May,  pp.  1-27,  figs.  1-7,  2  pis.     [W.] 

1903.— The  value  of  dipping  hogs  for  lice.  [Extract  of  Peters  1902]  <19.  Ann. 
Rep.  Bureau  Anim.  Indust.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  Wash.  (1902),  pp. 
445-446.     [\V%  W".] 

PiCAGLIA,  LUIGI 

1885. — Pediculini  dell'  istituto  anatomo-zoologico  della  r.  Universitil  di  Modena. 
<Atti  soc.  d.  nat.  di  Modena,  An.  19,  3.  s.,  v.  4,  raemorie,  pp.  97-168. 
[W».] 

Power,  Henry;  and  Sedgwick,  Leonard  W. 

1886. — The  New  Sydenham  Society's  lexicon  of  medicine  and  the  allied  sciences, 
pt.  12,  gly-her.     [unp.]     8°.     London.     [W*.] 

Railliet,  Aj^cide. 

1886. — Elements  de  zoologie  medicale  et  agricole.  xvi+1053  pp.,  705  figs.  8°. 
Paris.     [W\] 

1895. — Traits  de  zoologie  m^dicale  et  agricole.  2.  ed.,  v.  2,  xv+737-1303  pp., 
figs.  495-892.     8°.     Paris.     [Lib.  Stiles.] 

Redi,  Francesco. 

1671. — Experimenta  circa  generationem  insectorum  ad  nobilissimum  virum 
Carolum  Dati.  5  p.  1.,  330  pp.,  9  1.,  28  pis.  24°.  Amstelodami.  [W«, 
W™.] 

1687. — Esperienze  intorno  alia  generazione  degl'  insetti.  E  da  lui  scritti  in  una 
lettera  all'  illustriss.  Signor  Carlo  Dati.  5  p.  1.,  195  pp.,  29  pis.  12°. 
Napoli.     [W'».] 

RiEDEL,  Charles. 

1891. — Remedy  for  lice.  [Letter  to  editor,  dated  July  2]  <West.  Swineherd, 
Geneseo,  V.  4  (8),  Aug.,  p.  9.     [\V^] 

Riley,  Charles  Valentine. 

1881. — Kerosene  emulsion  with  milk  <'Ann.  Rep.  Comm.  Agric,  Wash.  (1880), 
p.  228.     [W\] 

Rommel,  George  M. 

1904. — The  hog  industry.  Selection,  feeding,  and  management.  Recent  Amer- 
ican experimental  work.  Statistics  of  production  and  trade  <'Bnll.  47, 
Bureau  Anim.  Indust.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  Wash.,  298  pp.,  3  maps. 
[W".] 
1904. — Pig  management  <Farmer's  Bull.  205,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  Wash.,  40  pp., 
22  figs.     [W«.] 

Samouelle,  George. 

1819. — The  entomologist's  useful  compendium;  or  an  introduction  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  British  insects,  comprising  the  best  means  of  obtaining  and 
preserving  them,  and  a  description  of  the  apparatus  generally  used; 
together  with  the  genera  of  Linne,  and  the  modern  method  of  arrang- 
ing the  classes  Crustacea,  myriapoda,  spiders,  mites,  and  insects,  from 
their  affinities  and  structure,  according  to  the  views  of  Dr.  Leach.  Also 
an  explanation  of  the  terms  used  in  entomology;  a  (calendar  of  the 
times  of  appearance  and  usual  situation  of  near  3,000  species  of  British 
insects;  with  instructions  for  collecting  and  fitting  up  ol)jects  for  the 
microscope.     496  pp.,  12  pis.     12°.     London.     [W",  W^] 

1824.— Idem.     1  1.,  496  pp.,  12  pis.     8°.     London.     [W«.] 

Scni0DTE,  Jorgen  Christian. 

1864. — Phthiriasis  og  mundens  bygning  hos  Pediculus  <Naturhist.  tidsskr., 
Kj0henhavn,  3.  s.,  v.  3,  pp.  48-69,  fig.  5.     [W".] 

1866. — On  Phthir'mi>,  and  on  the  structure  of  the  mouth  parts  in  Pcdiadis. 
[Transl.  of  Schi0dte  1864]  -^Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Lond.,3.  s.  (99), 
v.  17,  Mar.,  pp.  213-230,  2  figs.     [W'.] 


EXTERNAL    PARASITES    OF   HOGS.  43 

ScnNEiDEMiJnL,  Georg. 

1896. — Lehrbnch  der  vergleichenden  Pathologie  und  Therapie  des  Menschen 
und  der  Hausthiere  fi'ir  Thieriirzte,  Aerzte  und  Studirende.  2.  Lief., 
pp.  209-448.     8°.     Leipzig.     [W".] 

SCHOLL,   A. 

1904a. — Une  epizootie  de  gale  sarcoptique  du  pore  <Ann.  de  med.  v6t.,  Brux., 
V.  53  (5),  mai,  pp.  284-290.     [W%  W".] 

1904b.— Idem.     [Reviewed]  <Tierarzt,Wetzlar,v.43(8),  Aug.,p.l73.    [W^.W".] 

1904c.— Idem.  [Review  of  Scholl,  1904a]  <Am.  Vet.  Rev.,  N.  Y.,  v.  28  (6), 
Sept.,  pp.  570-571.     [W%  W".] 

1904d.— Idem.  [Review  of  Scholl,  1904a]  <J.  Comp.  Path.  &  Therap.,  Lond., 
v.  17  (3),  Sept.,  pp.  256-258.     [W\] 

SCHRANK,  FrANTZ  VON  PaULA. 

1803. — Fauna  Boica.  Durchgedachte  Geschichte  dor  in  Baiern  einlieimischen 
und  zahmen  Thjere.  v.  3,  1.  Abt.,  272  pp.;  2.  Abt.,  372  pp.  [Lib.  Dr. 
Merriam.] 

Siedamgrotzky. 

1889. — G.  C.  Haubner's  landwirtschaftliche  Thierheilkunde.  10.  umgearbeitete 
Aufl.     xiv+747  pp.,  98  figs.     8°.     Berlin.     [W\] 

Simon,  Carl  Gustav  Theodor. 

1851. — Die  Hautkrankheiten  durch  anatomische  Untersuchungen  erlilutert.  2. 
vermehrte  Aufl.     xii+420  pp.,  9  pis.     8°.     Berlin.     [W»'.] 

Smith,  John  B. 

1900. — Insects  of  New  Jersey,  a  list  of  species  occurring  in  New  Jersey,  with  notes 
on  those  of  economic  importance  <29.  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Jersey  State  Bd. 
Agric,  Trenton  (1899),  755  pp.,  328  figs.,  1  map.     [W^] 

Spencer,  Sanders. 

1896. — Hog  lice  remedies.  [Letter  to  editor]  <Am.  Swineherd,  Chicago,  v.  13 
(10),  Nov.,  p.  25.     [VV\] 

Spinola,  Werner  Th.  Jos. 

1863. — Handbuch  der  speciellen  Pathologie  und  Therapie  fiir  Thieriirzte.  2. 
vermehrte  u.  verbesserte  Aufl.    v.  2,  viii+844  pp.    8°.    Berlin.     [W".] 

Stephens,  James  Francis. 

1829. — A  systematic  catalogue  of  British  ijisects;  being  an  attempt  to  arrange  all 
the  hitherto  discovered  indigenous  insects  in  accordance  with  their 
natural  affinities;  containing  also  the  references  to  every  English 
writer  on  entomology,  and  to  the  principal  foreign  authors,  witli  all 
the  published  British  genera  to  the  present  time.  pt.  1,  xxxiv-|-416 
pp. ;  pt.  2,  388  pp.     8°.     London.     [W».] 

Stevens,  W.  W.;  and  Downing,  Charles. 

1900. — Special  report  of  the  Indiana  State  board  of  agriculture  on  the  hog.  198 
pp.,  pis.     8°.     Indianapolis.     [W*.] 

Taschenberg,  E.  L. 

1880. — Die  Schnabelkerfe,  fli'igellosen  Parasiten  und  als  Anhangeiniges  Ungezie- 
fer,  welches  ni(;ht  zu  den  Insekten  gehort.  viii  1  189  pp.,  43  figs.  8°. 
Bremen.     (Praktische  Insekten-Kunde.     5.  Theil.)     [W*.] 

Theobald,  Frkdkrk'  V. 

1904. — Second  report  on  e(!onomi(r  zoology.  (British  Museum  National  History.) 
x-l  197  pp.,  29  iigs.     8°.     London.     [W».] 

Tracy,  S.  M. 

1899.— Hog  raising  in  the  South  'Farmer's  Bull.  100,  U.  S.  I)ei)t.  Agric,  Wash., 
40  pp.      [W».] 

Uhler,  p.  R. 

1884.— Hemiptera  -'Standard  Nat.  Hist.,  Bo.st.,  v.  2,  pp.  204-293,  figs.  286-340. 
[W«.] 

Verrill,  a.  E. 

1870. — The  external  parasites  of  domestic  animals:  their  effects  and  remedies 
<4.  Ann.  Rep.  Sec.  Conn.  Bd.  Agric,  Hartford  (1869-70),  pp.  72-122, 
figs.  1-48.     [W".] 


44  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

VOGEL. 

1888. — Kreoliu  <Encycl.  d.  ges.  Thier  u.  Thierzuclit  (Koch),  Wien  u.  Leipz., 
V.  5,  pp.  538-539.     [W».] 

W.'^LCKENAKR. 

1844. — Histoire  naturelle  des  insectes.     Apteres.     v.  3,  viii^-476  pp.     8°.     Paris. 

[W».] 

Waldkon,  H.  B. 

1896. — Lousy  hogs.  [Letter  to  editor]  <ArQ.  Swineherd,  Chicago,  v.  14  (1), 
Jan.,  p.  21.     [W.] 

Warner,  W.  H.  (jr.) 

1896. — Hog  lice.  [Letter  to  editor]  <^Am.  Swinelierd,  Chicago,  v.  13  (10), 
Nov.,  p.  25.     [W«.] 

1897. — Hog  lice.  [Letter  to  editor]  <Am.  Swineherd,  Chicago,  v.  14  (8),  Aug., 
p.  20.     [W\] 

West,  Tuffen. 

1882. — Hieniatopinits  mis  (hog  louse)  <J.  Post.  Micr.  Soc,  Lond.,  v.  1  (3),  Sept. 
24,  p.  148,  pi.  15.     [W"',  W".] 

YouAiT,  William. 

1847. — The  pig:  A  treatise  on  the  hreeds,  management,  feeding,  and  medical 
treatment  of  swine,  with  directions  for  salting  pork  and  curing  bacon 
and  hams,     viii+164  pp.,  figs.     8°.     London.     [W\] 

ZiJRN,  Friedrich  Anton. 

1882. — Die  Schniarotzer  auf  und  in  dem  Kurper  unserer  Haussiiugetiere  sowie 
durch  erstere  veranlassten  Krankheiten,  deren  Behandlung  und 
^'erhiltung.  1.  Teil.  Tierische  Parasiten.  xvi+316  pp.,  4  pis.  8°. 
Weimar.     [W".] 

o 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


(Continued  from  second  page  of  CofSr.) 


Dr.  J.  S.  Kellv,  care  Blomer  &  Michael  Co., 
Qnincv,  111. 

Dr.  F.  D.  Ketehum,  South  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Dr.  A.  Long,  care  Sperry  &  Barnes,  Now  Haven, 
Conn. 

Dr.  C.  Loveborry,  room  402  Custom-House  (new), 
Portland,  Oreg. 

Dr.  H.  D.  Mayne,  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  Louis  Mctsker,  room  22,  N.  T.  Armijo  Build- 
ing, Albuquerque,  N.  Mex. 

Dr.  J.  Miller,  care  John  Morrell  &  Co.,  Ottumwa. 
Iowa. 

Dr.  C.  L.  Morin,  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Morse,  care  The  Agar  Packing  Co.,  Des 
Moines,  Iowa. 

Dr.  W.  J.  Murphy,  care  Springfield  Provision  Co., 
Brightwood,  Mass. 

Dr.  W.  N.  Neil,  care  John  Cudahy  Co.,  Wichita, 
Kans. 

Dr.  H.  D.  Paxson,  care  Swift  <fc  Co.,  Fort  Worth, 
Tex. 

Dr.  A.  J.  Payne,  care  Western  Packing  Co.,  Den- 
ver, Colo. 

Dr.  F.  M.  Perry.  Fort  Fairfield,  Me. 

Dr.  G.  W.  Pope,  Animal  Quarantine  Station, 
Athenia,  N.  J. 

Dr.  H.  T.  Potter,  Calai.s,  Me. 

Dr.  J.  O.  F.  Price,  care  Brittain  &  Co.,  Marshall- 
town,  Iowa. 


Dr.  R.  A.  Ramsay,  Fargo,  N.  Dak. 

Dr.  A.  G.  G.  Richardson,  707  Empire  BuUdiiig. 
Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Dr.  A.  E.  Rishel,  care  Cudahy  Packing  Co.,  Los 
Angeles,  Cal. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Rose,  18  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  F.  L.  Russell,  Orono,  Me. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Ryder,  141  Milk  st.,  Boston,  Maiss. 

Dr.  E.  P.  Schaffter,  care  Cleveland  Provision  Co., 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Sehaufler,  134  South  Second  st.,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Dr.  Thos.  W.  Scott,  care  The  Rath  Packing  Co., 
Waterloo,  Iowa. 

Dr.  T.  A.  Shipley,  care  T.  M.  Sinclair  &  Co.  (Ltd.), 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 

Dr.  N.  C.  Soren.sen,  care  Kingan  &  Co.,  Indian- 
apolis, Ind. 

Mr.  Wm.  H.  Wade,  Animal  Quarantine  Station, 
Halethorp,  Md. 

Dr.  H.  N.  Waller,  109  West  Forty-second  st.,  New 
York,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  G.  W.  Ward,  Newport,  Vt. 

Dr.  B.  P.  VVende,  Li%'e  Stock  Exchange  Building, 
East  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Wray,  34  Streatham  Hill,  London,  S.  W., 
England. 


